Updated biosphere map for the UK released

BGS released its first interactive isotope biosphere map in 2018, which enabled users to enter isotope data and find spatial matches and exclusions that helped source their samples. This is primarily used to help archaeologists study and identify human and animal migration, but it also has applications in the modern world of animal migration and food characterisation.

New sulphur isotope variation component

As part of an upgrade to the online map, we have now included a sulphur isotope variation for Great Britain. The beautiful map has been produced through sulphur isotope analyses of over 500 plants from across Britain. This has only been made possible by the reduction of modern sulphur pollution, which, until recently, swamped the natural sulphur signal.   

The plants’ sulphur isotope composition varies between values of around +20 parts per thousand in areas affected by modern marine influences, down to negative values as low as around -30 parts per thousand where the plants are growing in areas of anoxic reducing conditions.  

Sulphur values

The data has been formed into domains using a method called inverse distance weighting, with a superimposed marine domain for the coastal region. The resulting map highlights the following features that have not been seen before.

Firstly, there is a zonation of plant sulphur values from north to south, with the high marine influence that extends into central Scotland caused by prevailing wind conditions, transporting rain and sea spray inland.

In southern England, there is an area of negative values running from Peterborough to the Somerset Levels. These are areas underlain by Jurassic mudrocks. Recent research has shown that this lithology supports low and often very negative sulphur isotope values. These are due to both the reducing conditions during deposition and the rocks’ impervious nature, which leads to contemporary wetland development.

The coastal sulphur zone is based on traverses inland to assess the extent of sea spray influence. This work shows that there is a greater coastal zone on the west compared to the east coast.  

Further map upgrades

In addition to the sulphur map, the website upgrade includes an updated strontium (Sr) isotope map, which is now based on geological domains. Updates to this map identify new areas where elevated ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values are recorded. These include the granites of south-west England, especially around their thermal aureole, and Sherwood Forest, where the ancient woodland has leached out carbonate to leave ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr-rich substrates.

As ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr provenance studies are increasingly used on animals as well as humans, the land usage of these species need to be accounted for. Whereas human teeth mineralise over one to three years and are thus an average of all the strontium dietary inputs over this time, herbivore teeth can be sampled to represent only a few months of ingestion, which might well represent a single field.

Two levels of strontium data are now available in the search system. The first uses the central 50 per cent of plant data to equate to human consumption, whereas the second uses the central 90 per cent of the plant data to account for the greater variability in herbivore teeth.

A lead (Pb) isotope layer has also been added. This is based on mineral compositions and its aim is to produce a basic discrimination for England, Wales and Scotland based on the age of mineralisation in these areas.

Usage

Use of the map is free and all data is accessible and downloadable. We would be very interested to hear from potential users about any applications, development ideas or comments they have and hope to collaborate with users to continue to develop this resource through time.

Developers

The database and map have been created by:

• Jane Evans and Carolyn Chenery from the National Environmental Isotope Facility
• Katy Mee and Andy Marchant from BGS Informatics

About the author

Prof Jane Evans

Research scientist

BGS Keyworth

Find out more