What is geothermal energy?
Geothermal energy is all energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of the solid earth. It is a reliable and constant source of low-carbon, renewable heat that is not dependent on weather conditions. It is available across the UK at depths from a few metres to several kilometres from where it can be extracted using different technologies.
Geothermal for energy decarbonisation
Heating makes around a third of the total energy consumption of the UK (according to last data from 2021). With more than 80 per cent of domestic heating still delivered by gas boilers, it is responsible for almost 17 per cent of the UK’s carbon emissions. Carbon emissions need to be drastically reduced to enable the UK to meet its net zero targets by 2050 (and 2045 in Scotland). This will require a rapid transition from fossil fuels to low-carbon energies. Geothermal energy presents an important option for the decarbonisation of heat and power and it could make a significant contribution to reaching net zero targets in the UK, for example through providing low-carbon space heating.
Geothermal energy is a local source of energy that is always available (independently of the weather unlike wind or solar). It has a very low spatial footprint and is scalable, meaning that it can be used for heating individual homes but also as a source for district heating. Geothermal energy is also a key asset for the energy security and independence from gas imports. However, the UK currently uses only a small fraction of its geothermal heat resources, and there is considerable potential to increase its contribution in the energy mix.
Use of the underground for integrated heating and cooling and thermal storage is becoming increasingly important.
BGS research datasets and services
We work across UK geology and geothermal technologies from metres to kilometres depth, on:
- research projects
- provision of geothermal datasets and mapping, products, tools and information
- provision of information and expertise to inform the development of policy and regulation in the UK
- specialist geological services, such as GeoReports
In line with the 2023 to 2028 BGS Strategy, a current priority area is provision of national geothermal datasets, mapping and products. This includes legacy data as well as new data collection and resource mapping.
We work with government, academia and industry to improve the characterisation of the subsurface, assess the available geothermal resources and to generate the geoscientific knowledge necessary for its sustainable use. Our team contributes to multiple projects ranging from the characterisation of resource potential to the monitoring and modelling of the changes related to geothermal exploitation.
Recent publications and datasets on geothermal resource potential in the UK include:
- the deep geothermal White Paper and more detailed evidence report
- the first digital release of the legacy geothermal catalogue of temperature, thermal conductivity and heat flow
- updated shapefile of the deep geothermal resource potential areas, version 2
In addition, research and innovation infrastructures such as the UK Geoenergy Observatories enable at-scale investigation to improve our understanding of how geothermal energy can contribute to reducing our carbon emissions.
Find out more about our research
Geothermal technologies
Geothermal energy is available across the UK in different geological settings. It can be used to produce thermal (and in some places electrical) energy for a wide range of uses.
Applications
Geothermal energy resources occur in a broad range of geological settings. The BGS Geothermal team has experience in assessing and characterising shallow and deep geothermal resources.
Our projects
UK Geoenergy Observatories
Facilitating a step change in our understanding of geology and our relationship with the underground environment.
Related news
World-class facility creates new opportunities for geothermal energy in Cheshire
10/10/2024
The £8.3 million underground observatory will enhance the UK’s knowledge on the clean energy required to decarbonise heating.
Local MP checks in on development of new geothermal ‘living laboratory’ in Nottinghamshire
19/09/2024
BGS has reached the halfway mark on its ambitious ground-source heat pump project at its headquarters in Keyworth, Nottinghamshire.
Visit by Indonesian Embassy representatives to BGS
27/08/2024
Strengthening BGS/Indonesia scientific research partnerships to address the complex challenges Indonesia faces from natural hazards and maximising opportunities from mineral resources and geothermal energy.
Unlocking our geothermal potential: a Scottish Government visit to the Glasgow Observatory
15/08/2024
Gillian Martin MSP visits the UK Geoenergy Observatory in Glasgow to learn about geothermal energy and see the research being carried out at the facility.
The heat beneath our feet: BGS field visit to Tuscan geothermal systems
05/07/2024
BGS visits the active and fossilised geothermal systems of southern Tuscany, Italy.
UK legacy geothermal catalogue released in digital format for the first time
18/04/2024
BGS has released the first digital version of the UK legacy geothermal catalogue of subsurface temperature measurements, rock thermal conductivity measurements and heat flow calculations.
New underground observatory open for research
09/04/2024
Construction has been completed on the Cheshire Observatory and the facility is now open for research activities.
2024 Mine Water Energy Symposium
Event from 24/04/2024 to 26/04/2024
Now in its fourth year, the 2024 Mine Water Energy Symposium will be held in person for the first time in April 2024, with online streaming functionality.
Local MP helps BGS launch a ‘living laboratory’
05/03/2024
BGS is implementing a low-carbon heating system to help meet its net zero targets and provide data to the public.
Evidence report on deep geothermal energy opportunities in the UK released
16/11/2023
BGS has published a detailed evidence report that underpins a deep geothermal White Paper.
New report assesses deep geothermal energy in the UK
17/07/2023
A new BGS report assesses the current situation around and future potential of deep geothermal energy in the UK.
Geothermal energy
Investigating geothermal energy — energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of the solid Earth.
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