Understanding environmental impact through the study of sediments
A new study aims to understand the range of organic molecules present in urban waterway sediments from different locations around the world.
23/02/2022 By BGS PressThe risk posed to humans, fauna and flora by anthropogenic contaminants in the environment is of growing concern. The impact of pollution on rivers and other waterways is an important area for research, especially in urban settings where the pollution picture often reflects local land use and management policies.
The introduction of waste water from residential areas, hospitals, waste treatment plants, agriculture and/or industrial facilities, alongside less direct pollutants such as those from vehicle use, can create challenging and complex problems. These extend to the soils and sediments of watercourses, which may absorb or bury pollutants and act as contaminant reservoirs. Soils and sediments may become local sources of pollution if later eroded or otherwise disturbed.
Traditionally, technologies such as gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC/MS) and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC/MS) have been used to detect and quantify contaminants in environmental samples. However, these approaches are limited because they usually only provide information on tens to hundreds of sample components. The mixture of compounds relating to natural organic matter in sediments along with the diverse range of anthropogenic, or human-made, contaminants, can together constitute tens of thousands of molecular components. This means that routine analytical methods can’t unveil the full pollution story locked within environmental samples.
The project
This PhD project, piloted by Rory Downham and project supervisors Dr Mark Barrow of the University of Warwick and BGS’s Christopher Vane, sets out to investigate the range of organic molecules present in urban waterway sediments from different locations around the world, including an urban canal in Hanoi (Vietnam), the Nairobi River (Kenya) and the River Thames (UK). These represent very different samples:
- the Hanoi sediments are from an engineered watercourse under industrial influences
- the Nairobi River sediments are from areas affected by riverside slum dwellings
- the Thames samples were retrieved from a tidal mud island, which represents an archive extending back to medieval times
Analysis
The sediments were processed and extracted in organic solvent by Chris Vane at BGS Keyworth in July 2020 and subsequently transferred to the University of Warwick. Following a COVID-19 shutdown period, the Millburn House ICR Laboratory at Warwick re-opened and sample analyses began in September 2020.
The non-targeted analytical approach brings state-of-the-art, ultrahigh-resolution mass spectrometry — namely Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FTICR MS) — to the challenge of detecting as many organic sample components in the sediment extracts as possible.
To date, 12 Nairobi, 22 Hanoi, and 18 Thames FTICR MS datasets have been acquired and subjected to data processing. Following molecular classifications and deployment of modern data visualisation tools, they show interesting trends for complex mixtures such as crude oil and natural organic matter. For example, some sediment datasets feature a signature pattern that indicates sulphur-containing thiophenic pollutants, which are highly likely to have a fossil fuel origin. Other datasets reveal sterol biomarker patterns, which highlight the influence of sewage in some of these waterways.
These project datasets have raised additional points of interest, leading to smaller, spin-off investigations to allow for more complete interpretations of the sediments.
Future work
This project is progressing towards analysing sediment samples from the Celtic Sea, from about a hundred meters below sea level. The University of Warwick will extract organic matter from these samples, followed by mass-spectrometric exploration. Using tools for complex mixture analysis and data interpretation, we expect this research to provide insights into organic matter burial processes and carbon storage beneath the waves.
About the author
Rory Downham
I completed my undergraduate degree in chemistry and physical geography at Keele University in 2004 and later joined the Home Office Centre for Applied Science and Technology in support of UK policing. A growing interest in academia and environmental science challenges, and a desire to delve deeper into analytical chemistry, set me on my present PhD journey.
Relative topics
Latest blogs
Unlocking key mineral archives at the Zambian Geological Survey Department
23/02/2024
Rachel Talbot recounts a recent visit by BGS Records staff to the Zambian Geological Survey Department, to assist in critical mineral data management.
Will 2024 be the Year of the Aurora?
23/02/2024
The Sun’s approximate eleven-year activity cycle is predicted to peak this year, prompting BGS scientists to anticipate that 2024 will be the ‘Year of the Aurora’.
Hungry like a wolf: new insights from old bones housed in the BGS museum collections
18/01/2024
BGS scientists are studying the diets of ancient British wolves and how they adapted to changing environments.
How BGS is helping the farming sector of Great Britain
17/01/2024
New legislation concerning soil management and technology in modern farming has led to an increase in enquiries about BGS’s Soil Parent Material Model.
Moving stones: faults, slopes and sediments
12/01/2024
Fractured rock along faults affects sediment movement on slopes with implications for the design of infrastructure.
Understanding nutrients in tropical rainforests
11/01/2024
Christopher Bengt talks about carrying out research for his PhD amongst the rainforests and volcanoes of the Philippines.
Linking geochemistry and health in artisanal and small-scale gold mining in the Kakamega-Vihiga gold belt, Kenya
09/01/2024
PhD candidate Maureene Auma Ondayo is investigating major and trace element exposure in the environment in Kenya, aiming to reduce exposure of humans to toxic chemicals.
The Geography Olympiad: Bandung, Indonesia
22/12/2023
School student Dion Thompson joined Team UK at this year’s International Geology Olympiad in Indonesia. We hear from Dion’s mentor Anna Hicks, before Dion reports on the Olympiad itself.
CMIC: critical minerals research review
21/12/2023
Matthew Reeves of Innovate UK provides an overview of the Critical Minerals Strategy, which sets out how the UK will go about securing its supply of critical minerals.
My role as a stable isotope research assistant
19/12/2023
Charlotte Hipkiss has recently taken up a new position in the National Environmental Isotope Facility at BGS and gives us a little insight into her new position.
Groundwater in Taiwan under a changing environment
15/12/2023
BGS’s groundwater team is part of a project to develop the first groundwater forecasts for Taiwan.
In photos: marine surveying a remote volcanic island
14/12/2023
A photo blog by members of the BGS Marine Survey team, who recently completed marine surveys around Ascension Island in the South Atlantic Ocean.