{"id":56014,"date":"2020-08-20T10:59:10","date_gmt":"2020-08-20T10:59:10","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=56014"},"modified":"2021-12-09T09:42:47","modified_gmt":"2021-12-09T09:42:47","slug":"sinkhole-at-magdalens-close","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/","title":{"rendered":"Ripon sinkhole February 2014 case study"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Ripon sinkhole February 2014 case study<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research &mdash; Sinkholes and karst research<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Ripon%20sinkhole%20February%202014%20case%20study&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Ripon%20sinkhole%20February%202014%20case%20study&#038;body=Partial%20collapse%20of%20a%20house%20in%20Ripon,%20Yorkshire,%20in%202014%20was%20due%20to%20the%20formation%20of%20a%20sinkhole%20resulting%20from%20the%20dissolution%20of%20thick%20gypsum%20deposits%20beneath%20the%20area.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>On 17 February 2014, large cracks appeared in a detached house in Ripon and, part of the house later collapsed. The cause of the collapse was due to the formation of a sinkhole resulting from the dissolution of thick gypsum deposits beneath the area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The sinkhole was roughly oval and measured 11&nbsp;m from north to south (measured between the crack in the house and a crack across the garden near the greenhouse). From east to west it measured about 15&nbsp;m. The maximum depression was in the garden between the house and the greenhouse and it appeared to be around 0.7&nbsp;m deep in the middle. Several cracks up to 5&nbsp;cm also appeared in the house and paths, delineating the maximum extent of the sinkhole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There were also slight movements in neighbouring garden walls and driveways with slight lateral movements towards the hole opening cracks of 2&nbsp;mm to 1&nbsp;cm.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Submap11_Feb17th-2014-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Map of the Ripon area showing the distribution of sinkholes with the dates of reported collapses. The large areas are amalgamations of sinkholes mainly filled with peat and clay.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Submap11_Feb17th-2014.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Map of the Ripon area showing the distribution of sinkholes, with the dates of reported collapses. The large areas are amalgamations of sinkholes mainly filled with peat and clay. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Partial house collapse<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>On the evening of Monday 17 February 2014, Mr and Mrs Cunningham returned home to their house in Magdalen&#8217;s Close, Ripon, to find they could not open their back door. They heard noises, looked up and saw that the back of the house was collapsing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>They called the emergency services who broke down the front door and rescued their dog before shutting off utilities to make the house safe from gas, electricity and water problems. Residents of neighbouring houses were also evacuated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The following morning, the horror of the event was evident with the rear third of the house severely damaged and a crack widening from ground to roof, wrenching the house apart. This crack in the house continued to widen to about 40 cm at the top during the following day, and the press gathered in anticipation of its total collapse. In the garden, the greenhouse subsided and tilted towards the house.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895052.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by a sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895052.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Damage caused to No 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by a sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895052.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by a sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895051.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895051.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Damage caused to No 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895051.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895069.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895069.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Damage caused to No 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895069.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895074.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895074.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Damage caused to No 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895074.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895079.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895079.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Damage caused to No 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895079.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Damage caused to No. 26 Magdalen\u2019s Close, Ripon, by sinkhole that developed on Monday 17 February 2014. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_51127\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<p>About 40&nbsp;m to the east-north-east of this sinkhole, a previous sinkhole that collapsed in 1979 and 1980 (Cooper, 1986) also showed slight movement and re-activation cracks in the same place as the previous sinkhole margin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gypsum around Ripon<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Gypsum (hydrated calcium sulphate) is a highly soluble rock that dissolves very quickly. A gypsum block about 3\u00a0m<sup>3<\/sup>\u00a0that fell from the gypsum cliff at Ripon in 1978 dissolved completely in about 18 months (James et al., 1981).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Underground beneath Ripon, gypsum has dissolved to form a cave system. In caves, however, gypsum tends to dissolve more slowly than in rivers, partly because of the generally slower water flow and partly because the water gets saturated with dissolved gypsum (Klimchouk et al., 1996).<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ripon_general-cross-section-with-water-flow-plus-legend-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Cross-section through the Ripon area from: (Cooper et al., 2013) showing the water flow through the bedrock and the stylised subsidence features.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/Ripon_general-cross-section-with-water-flow-plus-legend.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Cross-section through the Ripon area (Cooper et al., 2013) showing the water flow through the bedrock and the stylised subsidence features. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gypsum cave system<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Ripon caves most likely take a form similar to the gypsum maze caves of Ukraine (Klimchouk, 1992; Klimchouk and Andrejchuk, 1996). Like Ripon, these have thick gypsum deposits resting on a porous and jointed aquifer (which is dolomite in the case of Ripon) and a groundwater flow pushing water through the system, dissolving the gypsum throughout the area.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In Ripon, water flows from the dip slope catchment of the <a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/home.cfm?pub=CDF\">Cadeby Formation<\/a> dolomite located on the high ground west of Ripon, through the rock to below the gypsum, passing through the gypsum and dissolving it before and emerging as artesian, sulphate-rich springs in the low ground along the River Ure (Cooper et al., 2013). The dissolution and caves are controlled by the joints in the rock and the resultant maze cave can be likened to the reticulate pattern of the bars of a window with hundreds of panes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The joints in the rock beneath Ripon trend approximately north\u2013south and east\u2013west, defining the orientation of the caves. The water flow under Ripon runs approximately from west to east. At the intersections of the joints the caves become more enlarged and sinkholes are more likely to form at these positions giving the sinkholes a pattern (Cooper 1986, 1998; Klimchouk and Andrejchouk, 2005).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Frequency of sinkole collapse<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Ripon periodically gets sinkholes; in the 1980s and 1990s, one was appearing every two to three years (Cooper, 1998). The last recorded hole was on the flood plain of the River Ure, north of Ripon (Sargent and Goulty, 2009). There was then a seven-year gap before this occurrence, which was not an unexpected event. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The triggering mechanisms for these sinkholes to collapse can be singular or a combination of mechanisms, the most common being:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>enlargement of the caves due to subsurface dissolution<\/li><li>infiltration of water from the surface washing down fine materials from the covering deposits<\/li><li>fluctuations in the groundwater levels; rising groundwater wets the covering materials and falling groundwater leaves the cover saturated and without hydraulic support<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key references<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Cooper, A H. 1986. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/GSL.SP.1986.022.01.11\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Foundered strata and subsidence resulting from the dissolution of Permian gypsum in the Ripon and Bedale areas, North Yorkshire<\/a>. 127\u2013139 in <em>The English Zechstein and related topics.<\/em> Harwood, G M, and Smith, D B (editors). <span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-journal highwire-cite-metadata\"><em>Geological Society of London Special Publications<\/em>\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"highwire-cite-metadata-volume highwire-cite-metadata\">22. (London: Geological Society of London.)<\/span><\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Cooper, A H. 1998.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/GSL.ENG.1998.015.01.27\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Subsidence hazards caused by the dissolution of Permian gypsum in England: geology, investigation and remediation<\/a>. 265\u2013275 in\u00a0<em>Geohazards in Engineering Geology<\/em>. Maund, J G, and Eddleston, M (editors).\u00a0\u00a0<em>Engineering Geology Special Publications <\/em>15. (London: Geological Society of London.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Cooper, A H, Odling, N E, Murphy, P J, Miller, C, Greenwood, C J, and Brown, D S. 2013. <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.5038\/9780979542275.1122\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The role of sulfate-rich springs and groundwater in the formation of sinkholes over gypsum in Eastern England<\/a>. 141\u2013150 in <em>Sinkholes and the Engineering and Environmental Imapacts of Karst: Proceedings of the Thirteeth Multidisciplinary Conference, May 6\u201310. <\/em>Land, L, Doctor, D , and Stephenson, J B (editors). (Carlsbad, New Mexico, USA: National Cave and Karst Research Institute.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>James, A N, Cooper, A H, and Holliday, D W.\u00a0 1981.\u00a0<em><a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/pygs.43.4.433\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Solution of the gypsum cliff (Permian Middle Marl) by the River Ure at Ripon Parks, North Yorkshire<\/a>.<\/em>\u00a0<em>Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geological Society<\/em>, Vol. 43, 433\u2013450.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Klimchouk, A. 1992. Large gypsum caves in the Western Ukraine and their genesis. <em>Cave Science<\/em>, Vol. 19, 3\u201311.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Klimchouk, A, and Andrejchouk, V. 2005. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s00254-005-1279-1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Karst breakdown mechanisms from observations in the gypsum caves of the Western Ukraine: implications for subsidence hazard assessment<\/a>. <em>Environmental Geology<\/em>, Vol. 48, 336\u2013359.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Klimchouk, A, and Andrejchuk, V. 1996. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5038\/1827-806X.25.3.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sulphate rocks as an arena for karst development<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Speleology<\/em>, Vol. 25, 9\u201320.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Klimchouk, A, Cucchi, F, Calaforra, J M, Aksem, S, Finocchiaro, F, and Forti, P. 1996. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.5038\/1827-806X.25.3.3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The dissolution of gypsum from field observations<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Speleology<\/em>, Vol. 25, 37\u201348.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Sargent, C, and Goulty, N R. 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/1470-9236\/07-071\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Seismic reflection survey for investigation of gypsum dissolution and subsidence at Hell Kettles, Darlington, UK<\/a>. <em>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology<\/em>, Vol. 42, 31\u201338.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/banks-vanessa\/\">Vanessa Banks<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-4038-block_5e7b0d7d9c15e\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P689722-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Limestone pavement, Cumbria\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P689722.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/\">Sinkholes and karst research<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our research extends beyond the distribution and processes associated with sinkhole formation to the broader subject of karst.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Partial collapse of a house in Ripon, Yorkshire, in 2014 was due to the formation of a sinkhole resulting from the dissolution of thick gypsum deposits beneath the area.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":56555,"parent":49078,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"16523,17592,7818,17424,16555,15877","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"region":[],"topic":[],"purpose":[],"area":[],"challenge":[],"challenge_topic":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ripon sinkhole February 2014 case study - British Geological Survey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"On 17 February 2014, large cracks appeared in a detached house in Ripon, part of the house later collapsed. The cause of the collapse was due to the formation of a sinkhole resulting from the dissolution of thick gypsum deposits beneath the area.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Ripon sinkhole February 2014 case study - British Geological Survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"On 17 February 2014, large cracks appeared in a detached house in Ripon, part of the house later collapsed. The cause of the collapse was due to the formation of a sinkhole resulting from the dissolution of thick gypsum deposits beneath the area.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"British Geological Survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2021-12-09T09:42:47+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895051.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"400\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/\",\"name\":\"Ripon sinkhole February 2014 case study - British Geological Survey\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/sinkhole-at-magdalens-close\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/P895051.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-08-20T10:59:10+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2021-12-09T09:42:47+00:00\",\"description\":\"On 17 February 2014, large cracks appeared in a detached house in Ripon, part of the house later collapsed. 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