{"id":36279,"date":"2020-06-01T10:13:56","date_gmt":"2020-06-01T10:13:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/rp2-case-study-1-3\/"},"modified":"2020-11-30T10:29:15","modified_gmt":"2020-11-30T10:29:15","slug":"rp2-case-study-1-3","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/rp2-case-study-1-3\/","title":{"rendered":"Urban resource flows: Hanoi"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Urban resource flows: Hanoi<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research &mdash; Resilience of Asian cities<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/rp2-case-study-1-3\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Urban%20resource%20flows:%20Hanoi&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/rp2-case-study-1-3\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/rp2-case-study-1-3\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Urban%20resource%20flows:%20Hanoi&#038;body=Hanoi%20is%20a%20rapidly%20growing%20city%20built%20on%20the%20alluvial%20plain%20of%20the%20Red%20River.%20As%20the%20city%20expands%20and%20develops,%20managing%20resources%20and%20protecting%20the%20environment%20are%20a%20constant%20challenge.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/rp2-case-study-1-3\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/rp2-case-study-1-3\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Like many cities around the world, Hanoi has entered a new era of expansion to accommodate a rapidly increasing urban population. Under the recently approved master plan, local and regional authorities have programmed ambitious initiatives for the environmentally sustainable expansion of the metropolitan area by 2030 through the development of new road networks, new rail links, an expanded city core, five satellite urban areas and three eco-townships.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Hanoi.png\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Nhat Tan Bridge, Hanoi. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/hanoi-nhat-tan-bridge-vietnam-3358841\/&quot;&gt;Pixabay&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_89904\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Hanoi-150x150.png\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Hanoi\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Hanoi-960x501.png\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Nhat Tan Bridge, Hanoi. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/hanoi-nhat-tan-bridge-vietnam-3358841\/\">Pixabay<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Hanoi.png\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Nhat Tan Bridge, Hanoi. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pixabay.com\/photos\/hanoi-nhat-tan-bridge-vietnam-3358841\/&quot;&gt;Pixabay&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_89904\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>This urban growth will lead to an increased demand for natural resources, such as construction materials and groundwater. Construction materials (e.g. crushed rock and sand) are generally traded locally as high-volume and low-value products. Without an adequate understanding of the flow of these materials, from source to point of consumption, it is difficult to both plan for adequate supply and control planning for mineral extraction.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The BGS and the General Department of Geology and Minerals of Vietnam (GDGMV) have used publicly available data for a <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/522143\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">preliminary analysis<\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/528015\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">accompanying factsheet<\/a> of material supply and demand in Hanoi up to 2030 for several commodities important for the construction sector. Results indicate increases in requirements ranging from a twofold increase in cement and sand to a fivefold increase in steel by 2030, based on 2016 consumption levels (Figure 1).<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_1-1400x915.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Hanoi consumption of steel estimated for the period 2007\u20132018 and projected for the period 2019\u20132030. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_71945\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"A graph showing the consumption of steel estimated for Hanoi for the period 2007-2018 and projected for the period 2019-2030\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_1-960x627.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Hanoi consumption of steel estimated for the period 2007\u20132018 and projected for the period 2019\u20132030. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_1-1400x915.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Hanoi consumption of steel estimated for the period 2007\u20132018 and projected for the period 2019\u20132030. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_71945\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The close geographical link between the (past and future) demand for building materials in urban areas and the material supply in the hinterland leads to substantial land cover changes. Using satellite imagery we have observed, over the past 45 years, an increase in artificial surfaces from about 320\u00a0km<sup>2<\/sup> to almost 700\u00a0km<sup>2<\/sup> (Figure 2).<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_2.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Figure 2: nineteen land cover maps generated for the Hanoi Province using the satellites Landsat-2, Landsat-5, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_7147\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Nineteen land cover maps generated for the Hanoi Province using satellites\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_2-960x882.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Figure 2: nineteen land cover maps generated for the Hanoi Province using the satellites Landsat-2, Landsat-5, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_2.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Figure 2: nineteen land cover maps generated for the Hanoi Province using the satellites Landsat-2, Landsat-5, Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_7147\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The urban development led by population increase is also highlighting another common issue in Asian metropolises: subsidence. This is the result of a combination of geological factors such as the occurrence of soft sediments and the drawdown of groundwater levels in the local aquifer due to the higher water demands for domestic and commercial uses.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Using the interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) technique for processing spaceborne radar data (Sentinel-1), we have identified areas that are subsiding by as much as 5\u00a0cm\/yr over the period 2016\u20132019 (Figure 3).<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_3-1400x990.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Figure 3: InSAR average velocities in Hanoi between 2016 and 2019 along the line of sight direction. Positive values mean velocity towards the satellite, negative values mean velocity away from the satellite. BGS \u00a9 UKRI. Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2020.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_9630\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_3-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"A map showing InSAR average velocities in Hanoi between 2016 and 2019 along the line of sight direction.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_3-960x679.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Figure 3: InSAR average velocities in Hanoi between 2016 and 2019 along the line of sight direction. Positive values mean velocity towards the satellite, negative values mean velocity away from the satellite. BGS \u00a9 UKRI. Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2020.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/11\/Hanoi_Figure_3-1400x990.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Figure 3: InSAR average velocities in Hanoi between 2016 and 2019 along the line of sight direction. Positive values mean velocity towards the satellite, negative values mean velocity away from the satellite. BGS \u00a9 UKRI. Contains modified Copernicus Sentinel data 2020.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_9630\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The BGS and GDGMV are using the ground motion data in combination with local geology and groundwater data to develop a subsidence vulnerability map for central Hanoi.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sea-background-d \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Get in touch<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<div>If you want to discover more please contact Alessandro Novellino<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/novellino-alessandro\/\"  class=\"button primary-background button btn-icon-arrow-right-white before \">Get in touch<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-7661-block_5e7b0d7d9c15e\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/feature_RP2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"feature_RP2\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/feature_RP2.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/\">Resilience of Asian cities<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our research aims to improve city resilience by integrating geology into urban subsurface planning and urban-catchment science in India and south-east Asia<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Hanoi is a rapidly growing city built on the alluvial plain of the Red River. As the city expands and develops, managing resources and protecting the environment are a constant challenge.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":39433,"parent":22789,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"6297,9842,1783,11239,19754,21358","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"tags":[],"region":[],"topic":[],"purpose":[],"area":[],"challenge":[],"challenge_topic":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Urban resource flows: Hanoi - British Geological Survey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Hanoi is a rapidly growing city built on the alluvial plain of the Red River. 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