{"id":31559,"date":"2020-05-13T20:36:44","date_gmt":"2020-05-13T20:36:44","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=31559"},"modified":"2024-02-07T10:08:41","modified_gmt":"2024-02-07T10:08:41","slug":"monitoring","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/monitoring\/","title":{"rendered":"Monitoring"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Monitoring<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research &mdash; carbon capture and storage<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/monitoring\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Monitoring&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/monitoring\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/monitoring\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Monitoring&#038;body=Regulations%20require%20monitoring%20before%20starting%20operations%20at%20a%20COsub2\/sub%20storage%20site.%20%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/monitoring\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/monitoring\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>A monitoring plan is essential before starting operations at a CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage site and is required by regulations. Monitoring can be both deep-focused \u2014 imaging the storage site itself and the rocks immediately above it \u2014 or shallow-focused \u2014 monitoring whether any CO<sub>2<\/sub> has escaped from the storage site and if any has managed to reach the surface. It is needed to show that CO<sub>2<\/sub> is being stored safely and that any risks to resources and the environment are being properly managed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Measurements will take place before injection as part of site characterisation and to define baseline conditions. They continue throughout injection of CO<sub>2<\/sub> and into the post-injection stage until it is considered acceptable to cease monitoring.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>See our Discovering Geology pages for more information on <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/xyztbc\">why we should monitor a storage site<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Deep monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The primary objectives of deep monitoring are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>to observe the distribution and migration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> within a storage reservoir<\/li><li>to assess increases in fluid pressure<\/li><li>to provide early warning of unexpected CO<sub>2 <\/sub>migration, either within or outside of the storage reservoir<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Additionally, deep monitoring permits improved characterisation of the reservoir and makes possible the identification of risks to containment of the injected CO<sub>2<\/sub>. Significantly, the outcomes of deep monitoring can be used to verify site performance.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We have been commissioned to review all aspects of current offshore monitoring practice. We have experience exploring how the present-day capabilities of deep monitoring interact with the relevant regulatory frameworks. The BGS is regularly called upon to identify areas for continuing research and development by national funding agencies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Our experience in CO<sub>2<\/sub> monitoring has led to our involvement in numerous EU funded projects. The <a href=\"http:\/\/www.eco2-project.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">ECO<sub>2<\/sub><\/a> and <a href=\"http:\/\/www.co2care.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> Site Closure Assessment Research<\/a> (CO<sub>2<\/sub>CARE) projects led to the development of guidelines for innovative and cost-effective monitoring strategies. Furthermore, tools to detect and quantify potential leakage of CO<sub>2<\/sub> were developed. We also designed and built the <a href=\"https:\/\/ieaghg.org\/ccs-resources\/monitoring-selection-tool\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">IEAGHG Monitoring Selection Tool<\/a>, a platform to inform operators which techniques should be prioritised as part of a complete monitoring strategy.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The BGS-led and <a href=\"https:\/\/epsrc.ukri.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">EPSRC<\/a>-funded <a href=\"https:\/\/diseccs.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">DiSECCS<\/a> project developed seismic monitoring tools and methodologies to image and characterise CO<sub>2<\/sub> plumes within storage reservoirs whilst identifying and quantifying the associated injection-induced pressure build-up.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Seismic-section.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Seismic section from the Sleipner storage site (Norway) in 2008. The strong reflections represent the response and position of trapped layers of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;. By 2008, over 10 million tonnes had been injected and, due to repeat surveys, it has been possible to track the migration of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; since injection commenced in 1996.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_47681\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Seismic-section-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Seismic-section\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Seismic-section.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Seismic section from the Sleipner storage site (Norway) in 2008. The strong reflections represent the response and position of trapped layers of CO<sub>2<\/sub>. By 2008, over 10 million tonnes had been injected and, due to repeat surveys, it has been possible to track the migration of CO<sub>2<\/sub> since injection commenced in 1996.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Seismic-section.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Seismic section from the Sleipner storage site (Norway) in 2008. The strong reflections represent the response and position of trapped layers of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt;. By 2008, over 10 million tonnes had been injected and, due to repeat surveys, it has been possible to track the migration of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; since injection commenced in 1996.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_47681\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key references<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Chadwick, R A. 2010. Measurement and monitoring technologies for verification of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) storage in underground reservoirs. 203\u2013239 in: <em>Developments and Innovation in Carbon Capture and Storage Technology<\/em>: <em>Volume 2 \u2014 Carbon Dioxide Storage and Utilization.<\/em> Maroto-Valer (editor). (Cambridge, UK: Woodhead Publishing Ltd.)<\/p>\n<p>Chadwick, R A, and Noy, D J. 2010. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/12994\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">History-matching flow simulations and time-lapse seismic data from the Sleipner CO<sub>2<\/sub> plume<\/a>. 1171\u20131182 in: <em>Petroleum Geology: From Mature Basins to New<\/em> <em>Frontiers (Proceedings of the 7th Petroleum Geology Conference)<\/em>. Vining, B A, and Pickering, S C (editors). (London: Geological Society.)<\/p>\n<p>Chadwick, R A, and Noy, D J. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ghg.1488\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Underground CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage: demonstrating regulatory conformance by convergence of history-matched modeled and observed CO<sub>2<\/sub> plume behavior using Sleipner time-lapse seismics<\/a>. <em>Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology<\/em>, Vol. 5(3), 305\u2013322.<\/p>\n<p>Chadwick, R A, Arts, R, and Eiken, O. 2005. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/691\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4D seismic quantification of a growing CO<sub>2<\/sub> plume at\u00a0 Sleipner,\u00a0 North Sea.<\/a> 1385\u20131399 in: <em>Petroleum Geology: North West Europe and Global Perspectives (Proceedings of the 6th Petroleum Geology Conference). <\/em>Dore, A G, and Vining, B (editors). (London: Geological Society.)<\/p>\n<p>Chadwick, R A, Williams, G A, Williams, J D O, and Noy, D J. 2012. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijggc.2012.06.022\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measuring pressure performance of a large saline aquifer during industrial scale CO<sub>2<\/sub> injection: the Utsira Sand, Norwegian North Sea<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control<\/em>, Vol. 10, 374\u2013388.<\/p>\n<p>Verdon, J P, Kendall, J M, Stork, A L, Chadwick, R A, White, D J, and Bissell, R. 2013. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/507929\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Comparison of geomechanical deformation induced by megaton-scale CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage at Sleipner, Weyburn and In Salah<\/a>. <em>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America<\/em>, 2013 Vol. 110(30), E2762\u2013E2771.<\/p>\n<p>White, J C, Williams, G A, and Chadwick, R A. 2013. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2013.06.338\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thin layer detectability in a growing CO<sub>2<\/sub> plume: testing the limits of time-lapse seismic resolution<\/a>. <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 37, 4356\u20134365.<\/p>\n<p>White, J C, Williams, G A, Grude, S, and Chadwick, R A. 2015.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1365-2478.12217\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Utilizing spectral decomposition to determine the distribution of injected CO<sub>2<\/sub> at the Sn\u00f8hvit Field<\/a>. <em>Geophysical Prospecting<\/em>, Vol. 63(5), 1213\u20131223.<\/p>\n<p>Williams, G A, and Chadwick, R A. 2012. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/500281\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quantitative seismic analysis of a thin layer on CO<sub>2<\/sub> in the Sleipner injection plume<\/a>. <em>Geophysics<\/em>, Vol. 77(6), 245\u2013256.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to discover more about deep monitoring then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/pearce-jonathan\/\">Jonathan Pearce<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Shallow monitoring<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Shallow monitoring systems are mainly designed to detect and measure CO<sub>2<\/sub> that has migrated into shallow geological formations, the soil or the seabed, and any emissions to the atmosphere or into sea water. Shallow-focused methods can be airborne (e.g remote sensing), deployed at the surface (e.g. atmospheric measurements; surface flux) or made in the shallow subsurface (e.g. soil gas; geochemical sampling).<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Near-surface gas measurements<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Near-surface gas measurements are one way to assess potential leakage from geological CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage. This approach is a highly visible means of assessing a possible hazard to near-surface ecosystems, which can be helpful for public reassurance. European regulation also requires leakage detection and any surface emissions of CO<sub>2<\/sub> have to be quantified.<\/p>\n<p>Near-surface measurements include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>the concentration of gases in the soil<\/li>\n<li>the flux of gas from the ground into the atmosphere<\/li>\n<li>atmospheric readings close to the ground<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Measurements can be made directly in the field or on gas samples brought back to a laboratory (which might be a field facility). Further information on BGS&#8217;s gas monitoring capabilities can be found <a href=\"http:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/xyztbc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">here<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>We have also been involved at all these types of sites in research into the possible environmental impacts of any CO<sub>2<\/sub> leakage on near surface environments, onshore and offshore, and on drinking-water aquifers.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Carbon dioxide storage sites<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Near-surface gas measurements formed part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/ptrc.ca\/projects\/past-projects\/weyburn-midale\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">International Weyburn-Midale<\/a> project and were also supported by the EU Weyburn and <a href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/518350\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub>ReMoVe<\/a> projects. Repeated surveys showed the high seasonal and year-on-year variability of near-surface gas concentrations and fluxes. Measurements made in 2011 were able to refute allegations of leakage from the Weyburn site.<\/p>\n<p>Repeated near-surface gas measurements were also made at the In Salah project in Algeria, in part under the CO<sub>2<\/sub>ReMoVe project.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_31794\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31794\" style=\"width: 960px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-31794\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/DSCN4010-960x497.jpg\" alt=\"Measuring gas concentrations\" width=\"960\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/DSCN4010-960x497.jpg 960w, https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/DSCN4010-768x398.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/DSCN4010.jpg 1332w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31794\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Gas concentrations being measured in the soil at a depth of approximately one metre, In Salah, Algeria. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Natural carbon dioxide seepage sites<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Studies were conducted at the Latera (central Italy) and Laacher See (western Germany) sites as part of the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.co2geonet.com\/home\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub>GeoNet<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/518350\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub>ReMoVe<\/a> projects. Latera is a volcanic caldera where a number of known CO<sub>2<\/sub> vents have been studied in pasture land. Laacher See is also a quiescent volcanic area where deep CO<sub>2<\/sub> emerges into the lake and the adjoining meadows.<\/p>\n<figure id=\"attachment_31793\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-31793\" style=\"width: 666px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-31793\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Small_flux_chamber.jpg\" alt=\"Small flux chamber\" width=\"666\" height=\"345\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-31793\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Small flux chamber being used above natural CO2 gas vents, near the Laacher See in Germany.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>Florina is a sedimentary basin in northern Greece, where deep CO<sub>2<\/sub> travels up faults (as in Latera and Laacher See) through drinking-water aquifers to reach the surface in arable and pastoral land. This site was studied during the <a href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/240837\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RISCS<\/a> project<\/p>\n<p>Fiumicino is a site near the main Rome airport where lower-level leakage of CO<sub>2<\/sub> is occurring and has been recently studied by the BGS and La Sapienza University of Rome.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Experimental injection sites<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>ASGARD was set up by the University of Nottingham on its campus at Sutton Bonington, UK. Replicated plots were established where CO<sub>2<\/sub> could be injected at shallow depth (60\u00a0cm) to observe the impact of higher soil CO<sub>2<\/sub> concentrations (and reduced oxygen) on a range of crops, pasture and soil microbes. Studies here included work under the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.co2geonet.com\/home\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub>GeoNet<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/240837\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RISCS<\/a> projects.<\/p>\n<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sintef.no\/Projectweb\/co2fieldlab\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> Field Lab<\/a> was established in a sand and gravel quarry in southern Norway. A wide range of different shallow monitoring techniques were tested through a 20 m-deep injection of almost two tonnes of CO<sub>2<\/sub>, which passed through a shallow aquifer before escaping into the atmosphere.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Remote sensing<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Airborne remote sensing was assessed as a possible way of monitoring leakage at the Latera natural CO<sub>2<\/sub> site in Italy for the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.co2geonet.com\/home\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub>GeoNet<\/a> project. Different indicators of plant stress were evaluated that showed responses to CO<sub>2<\/sub>. However, similar stress was also related to other factors, giving false positives.<\/p>\n<p>Satellite interferometry (InSAR) has been used to measure small displacements of the ground surface (of up to 2\u20133\u00a0cm) that have been related to the injection of CO<sub>2<\/sub> at depth, most notably at the In Salah site in Algeria.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Offshore monitoring<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Near-surface marine monitoring has been carried out at natural CO<sub>2<\/sub> seeps, such as Panarea (southern Italy), CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage sites, most notably Sleipner and Sn\u00f8hvit in the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and at a shallow injection experiment off the west coast of Scotland (<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/qics\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QICS<\/a>). In general, offshore techniques are less well developed than onshore methods but have been progressed under projects like <a href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/240837\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RISCS<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.eco2-project.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ECO2<\/a>.<\/p>\n<p>Whilst some aspects of CO<sub>2<\/sub> detection offshore are similar to onshore measurements, there are significant differences in offshore monitoring. Bubbles of CO<sub>2<\/sub> emitted from the seabed are rapidly dissolved in seawater. The bubbling gas can be detected by acoustic methods and imaged using techniques such as multibeam echosounding, sidescan sonar or seismic profiling. Dissolved CO<sub>2<\/sub> can be measured directly or indirectly detected by pH changes that occur through the resultant acidification of the water or other secondary effects.<\/p>\n<p>The QICS project involved a range of near-surface offshore monitoring techniques to measure CO<sub>2<\/sub> injected into seabed sediments at shallow depth (11\u00a0m) that led to emissions of the gas into seawater.<\/p>\n<p>Offshore monitoring methods have recently been reviewed for the IEA Greenhouse Gas (IEAGHG) research programme. Monitoring techniques are under development in an Energy Technologies Institute UK project on measurement, monitoring and verification that aims to produce an integrated, commercially available monitoring system.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key references<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Arts, R J, Jones, D G, Chadwick, R A, Klinkby, L, Bernstone, C, and S\u00f8rensen, A T. 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.02.284\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Development of a monitoring plan for the Vedsted structure in Denmark<\/a>. <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 4, 3558\u20133565.<\/p>\n<p>Bateson, L, Vellico, M, Beaubien, S E, Pearce, J M, Annunziatellis, A, Ciotoli, G, Coren, F, Lombardi, S, and Marsh, S. 2008. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/4769\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The application of remote-sensing techniques to monitor CO<sub>2<\/sub>-storage sites for surface leakage: Method development and testing at Latera (Italy) where naturally produced CO<sub>2<\/sub> is leaking to the atmosphere<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control<\/em>, Vol. 2, 388\u2013400.<\/p>\n<p>Beaubien, S E, Jones, D G, Gal, F, Barkwith, A K A P, Braibant, G, Baubron, J C, Ciotoli, G, Graziani, S, Lister, T R, Lombardi, S, Michel, K, Quattrocchi, F, and Strutt, M H. 2013. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/500136\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monitoring of near-surface gas geochemistry at the Weyburn, Canada, CO<sub>2<\/sub>-EOR site, 2001\u20132011<\/a>. International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control, Vol. 16 (Supp. 1), S236\u2013S262.<\/p>\n<p>Blackford, J, Stahl, H, Bull, J M, Berges, B J P, Cevatoglu, M, Lichtschlag, A, Connelly, D, James, R H, Kita, J, Long, D, Naylor, M, Shitashima, K, Smith, D, Taylor, P, Wright, I, Akhurst, M, Chen, B, Gernon, T M, Hauton, C, Hayashi, M, Kaieda, H, Leighton, T G, Sato, T, Sayer, M D J, Suzumura, M, Tait, K, Vardy, M E, White, P R, and Widdicombe, S. 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nclimate2381\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Detection and impacts of leakage from sub-seafloor deep geological carbon dioxide storage<\/a>. <em>Nature Climate Change<\/em>, Vol. 4, 1011\u20131016.<\/p>\n<p>Feitz, A J, Leamon, G, Jenkins, C, Jones, D G, Moreira, A, Bressan, L, Melo, C, Dobeck, L M, Repasky, K, and Spangler, L H. 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.11.418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Looking for leakage or monitoring for public assurance?<\/a> <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 63, 3881\u20133890.<\/p>\n<p>Jones, D G, Barlow, T, Beaubien, S E, Ciotoli, G, Lister, T R, Lombardi, S, May, F, M\u00f6ller, I, Pearce, J M, and Shaw, R A. 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2009.01.277\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">New and established techniques for surface gas monitoring at onshore CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage sites<\/a>. <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 1, 2127\u20132134.<\/p>\n<p>Jones, D G, Lister, T R, Smith, D J, West, J M, Coombs, P, Gadalia, A, Brach, M, Annunziatellis, A, and Lombardi, S. 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.02.285\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">In Salah gas CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage JIP: Surface gas and biological monitoring.<\/a> <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 4, 3566\u20133573.<\/p>\n<p>Jones, D G, Barkwith, A K A P, Hannis, S, Lister, T R, Gal, F, Graziani, S, Beaubien, S E, and Widory, D. 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijggc.2014.06.021\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monitoring of near surface gas seepage from a shallow injection experiment at the CO<sub>2<\/sub> Field Lab, Norway<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control<\/em>, Vol. 28, 300\u2013317.<\/p>\n<p>Jones, D G, Beaubien, S E, Barlow, T S, Barkwith, A K A P, Hannis, S D, Lister, T R Strutt, M H, Bellomo, T, Annunziatellis, A, Graziani, S, Lombardi, S, Ruggiero, L, Braibant, G, Gal, F, Joublin, F, and Michel, K. 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.11.447\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Baseline variability in onshore near surface gases and implications for monitoring at CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage sites<\/a>. <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 63, 4155\u20134162.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to discover more about shallow monitoring then please contact <a href=\"mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk\">BGS Enquiries<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IEAGHG monitoring network<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas research and development programme has established a <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/ieaghg.org\/networks\/monitoring-network\" target=\"_blank\">monitoring network<\/a> for which the BGS is a steering group member. The network assesses new monitoring techniques as they become available.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/pearce-jonathan\/\">Jonathan Pearce<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-2979-block_5e7b0d7d9c15e\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/p542294_thumbnail-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"power station at Ratcliffe-on-Soar\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/p542294_thumbnail.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\">Carbon capture and storage<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS is recognised as a European centre of excellence for the study of carbon dioxide storage. We have a dedicated team active in a number of research areas.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Regulations require monitoring before starting operations at a CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage site. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":31795,"parent":31044,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"tags":[],"region":[],"topic":[],"purpose":[],"area":[],"challenge":[],"challenge_topic":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Monitoring - British Geological Survey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Regulations require monitoring before starting operations at a CO2 storage site. 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