{"id":31556,"date":"2020-05-13T20:36:15","date_gmt":"2020-05-13T20:36:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=31556"},"modified":"2024-02-07T10:07:30","modified_gmt":"2024-02-07T10:07:30","slug":"long-term-performance","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/long-term-performance\/","title":{"rendered":"Long-term performance"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Long-term performance<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research &mdash; carbon capture and storage<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/long-term-performance\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Long-term%20performance&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/long-term-performance\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/long-term-performance\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Long-term%20performance&#038;body=We%20are%20undertaking%20research%20that%20will%20help%20to%20ensure%20the%20safe%20and%20long-term%20storage%20of%20COsub2\/sub.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/long-term-performance\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/long-term-performance\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>According to the European CO<sub>2 <\/sub>Storage Directive, to guarantee the safe and long-term storage of CO<sub>2<\/sub>: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>there must be no detectable leakage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the observed behaviour of the injected CO<sub>2 <\/sub>must conform to the modelled behaviour<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the operator should be able to demonstrate the storage site is evolving towards a state of long-term stability<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Long-term geochemistry<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Carbon Research into Underground Storage (CRIUS) project studied fluids and gases from natural CO<sub>2<\/sub> reservoirs and from sites where CO<sub>2<\/sub> is being actively injected underground. This research was to determine the rates of the mineral\u2013water\u2013CO<sub>2<\/sub> reactions in natural settings. These reactions were duplicated in laboratory experiments so the processes could be observed under controlled conditions.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Laboratory experiments, numerical modelling and natural analogue field studies were brought together in the ULTimateCO<sub>2<\/sub> project to understand long-term processes at storage-site scale. It investigated CO<sub>2<\/sub> trapping mechanisms in the reservoir, reactions in potential caprocks, fault reactivation and efficiency of well-bore casing cements within the storage site. The <a href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/281196\/reporting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">final project report<\/a> aimed to provide answers to likely questions from site operators and national authorities about uncertainty downstream of the closure of a CO<sub>2<\/sub> geological storage site. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ecosystems and underground drinking water<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The potential impacts of CO<sub>2<\/sub> on underground drinking-water aquifers or near-surface ecosystems depend on the characteristics of the storage site and its surroundings, for example geology, soil or seabed sediment type and topography.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/P543377-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Water pouring out of the ground\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/P543377.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Naturally CO<sub>2<\/sub>-rich groundwater discharging from a borehole into a channel used for irrigating maize in Greece. \u00a9 NERC.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Laboratory experiments, observations in areas of natural CO<sub>2<\/sub> seepage and modelling have been widely used to investigate how marine organisms and communities are likely to respond to elevated levels of CO<sub>2<\/sub> and to understand processes. Examples of such work are the <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/cordis.europa.eu\/project\/id\/240837\" target=\"_blank\">Research into Impacts and Safety in CO2 Storage<\/a> (RISCS), <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.eco2-project.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\">ECO<sub>2<\/sub><\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/xyztbc\">Quantifying and Monitoring Potential Ecosystem Impacts of Geological Carbon Storage<\/a> (QICS) projects. <\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/P641013-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"CO2 injector\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/P641013.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>A CO<sub>2 <\/sub>injector at the In Salah CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage site in Algeria. \u00a9 NERC.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>RISCS also examined the potential likelihoods and consequences of CO<sub>2<\/sub> leakage on onshore ecosystems by field experiments releasing controlled amounts of CO<sub>2<\/sub> below the ground (e.g. Grimsrud in Norway and ASGARD in the UK); field studies in areas of naturally occurring CO<sub>2<\/sub>, and modelling. The potential impacts of CO<sub>2<\/sub> on drinking-water aquifers were examined through studies in France, Italy and Greece. Studies have also been carried out at In Salah (Algeria) on the Continental Intercalaire aquifer, a regional water source in the Sahara.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Plants_varying_CO2_GReece-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Plants varying CO2 levels\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Plants_varying_CO2_GReece.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Plants present under varying CO<sub>2<\/sub> levels near Florina, Greece. Image courtesy of the RISCS project.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The QICS project was the world\u2019s first in situ sub-seabed CO<sub>2<\/sub> release experiment. The controlled release was carried out in a small bay on the Firth of Lorn on the west coast of Scotland. A total of 4.2&nbsp;tonnes of CO<sub>2<\/sub> were released into the sediments at a depth of 11&nbsp;m below the seabed.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/PML_Need_Permission-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"PML_Need_Permission\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/PML_Need_Permission.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Showing from left to right: sea-floor CO<sub>2<\/sub> sensor amongst bubble streams above the CO<sub>2<\/sub> release point; diver collecting sea water samples; two seabed CO<sub>2<\/sub> sensors near a stream of CO<sub>2<\/sub> bubbles; diver collecting sediment core samples. Images courtesy of the QICS project.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Site closure<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>At the point of site closure it is a requirement that the operator demonstrates the long-term safety of a CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage site. There is a pre-condition to transfer the responsibility of the abandoned site from the operator to a competent authority on a national level as set out in the EU CCS directive and the <a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ospar.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">OSPAR<\/a> guidelines. The BGS CCS team contributed to the <a href=\"http:\/\/www.co2care.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> Site Closure Assessment Research<\/a> (CO<sub>2<\/sub>CARE) project by assessing the necessary technologies, procedures and protocols necessary to achieve site closure and developing best practice guidelines (Holloway et al., 2013).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">IEAGHG impacts network<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The International Energy Agency Greenhouse Gas (IEAGHG) research and development programme has established an <a href=\"https:\/\/ieaghg.org\/networks\/55-networks\/environmental-impacts-of-co2-storage\/289-environmental-impacts-of-co2-storage-workshop-series\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Environmental Research into CO<sub>2<\/sub> Storage Network<\/a>. The BGS helped to set up this network and has been active in the organisation of its annual meetings. It deals with all aspects of potential impacts from CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage both onshore and offshore and involves researchers worldwide.<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key references<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Beaubien, S E, Ciotoli, G, Coombs, P, Dictor, M C, Kr\u00fcger, M, Lombardi, S, Pearce, J M, and West, J M. 2008. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijggc.2008.03.005\">The impact of a naturally occurring CO<sub>2<\/sub> gas vent on the shallow ecosystem and soil chemistry of a Mediterranean pasture (Latera, Italy)<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control<\/em>, Vol. 2, 373\u2013387.<\/p>\n<p>Blackford, J, Beaubien, S, Foekema, E, Gemeni, V, Gwosdz, S, Jones, D, Kirk, K, Lions, J, Metcalfe, R, Moni, C, Smith, K, Steven, M, West, J, and Ziogou, F. 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.riscs-co2.eu\/UserFiles\/file\/RISCS_Guide\/RISCS_Guide.pdf\">A guide to potential impacts of leakage from CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage<\/a>. <em>Outcomes from the RISCS project (<\/em>EU Seventh Framework Programme<em>).<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Bond, A E, Metcalfe, R, Maul, P R, Suckling, P, Thatcher, K, Walke, R, Smith, K, Rasse, D, Steven, M, and Jones, D. 2013. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2013.06.228\">Systems analysis of field and laboratory experiments considering impacts of CO<sub>2<\/sub> leakage in terrestrial systems<\/a>. Energy Procedia, Vol. 37, 3394\u20133402.<\/p>\n<p>Chadwick, R A, and Noy, D J. 2015. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/ghg.1488\">Underground CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage: demonstrating regulatory conformance by convergence of history-matched modeled and observed CO<sub>2<\/sub> plume behavior using Sleipner time-lapse seismics<\/a>. <em>Greenhouse Gases: Science and Technology<\/em>, Vol. 5(3), 305\u2013322.<\/p>\n<p>Holloway, S, Chadwick, R A, and CO<sub>2<\/sub>CARE consortium. 2013. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.co2care.org\/SciPublicationsData.aspx?IdPublication=45&amp;IdType=327\">Best practice guidelines for the closure and transfer of responsibility for CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage sites<\/a>. <em>Deliverable of the CO<sub>2<\/sub>CARE project <\/em>(EU Seventh Framework Programme).<\/p>\n<p>Jones, D G, Lister, T R, Smith, D J, West, J M, Coombs, P, Gadalia, A, Brach, M, Annunziatellis, A, and Lombardi, S. 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.02.285\">In Salah Gas CO<sub>2<\/sub> Storage JIP: Surface gas and biological monitoring<\/a>. <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, 4, 3566\u20133573.<\/p>\n<p>Jones, D G, Beaubien, S E, Blackford, J C, Foekema, E M, Lions, J, De Vittor, C, West, J M, Widdicombe, S, Hauton, C, and Queir\u00f3s, A M. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijggc.2015.05.032\">Developments since 2005 in understanding potential environmental impacts of CO<sub>2<\/sub> leakage from geological storage<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control<\/em>, Vol. 40, 350\u2013377.<\/p>\n<p>Kr\u00fcger, M, Jones, D, Frerichs, J, Oppermann, B I, West, J, Coombs, P, Green, K, Barlow, T, Lister, R, Shaw, R, Strutt, M, and M\u00f6ller, I. 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1750583611000624\">Effects of elevated CO<sub>2<\/sub> concentrations on the vegetation and microbial populations at a terrestrial CO<sub>2<\/sub> vent at Laacher See, Germany<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control<\/em>, Vol. 5, 1093\u20131098.<\/p>\n<p>Pearce, J, Jones, D, Blackford, J, Beaubien, S, Foekema, E, Gemeni, V, Kirk, K, Lions, J, Metcalfe, R, Moni, C, Smith, K, Stevens, M, West, J, and Ziogou, F. 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2014.11.351\">A guide for assessing the potential impacts on ecosystems of leakage from CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage sites<\/a>. <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 63, 3242\u20133252.<\/p>\n<p>West, J M, Pearce, J M, Coombs, P, Ford, J R, Scheib, C, Colls, J J, Smith, K L, and Steven, M D, 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2009.01.243\">The impact of controlled injection of CO<sub>2<\/sub> on the soil ecosystem and chemistry of an English lowland pasture<\/a>. <em>Energy Procedia<\/em> Vol. 1, 1863\u20131870.<\/p>\n<p>West, J M. McKinley, I G, Palumbo-Roe, B, and Rochelle, C A. 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2011.02.231\">Potential impact of CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage on subsurface microbial ecosystems and implications for groundwater quality<\/a>. <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 4, 3163\u20133170.<\/p>\n<p>West, J M, Jones, D G, Annunziatellis, A, Barlow, T S, Beaubien, S E, Bond, A, Breward, N, Coombs, P, Angelis, D d, Gardner, A, Gemeni, V, Graziani, S, Green, K A, Gregory, S, Gwosdz, S, Hannis, S, Kirk, K, Koukouzas, N, Kr\u00fcger, M, Libertini, S, Lister, T R, Lombardi, S, Metcalfe, R, Pearce, J M, Smith, K L, Steven, M D, Thatcher, K, and Ziogou, F. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ijggc.2015.07.020\">Comparison of the impacts of elevated CO<sub>2<\/sub> soil gas concentrations on selected European terrestrial environments<\/a>. <em>International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control<\/em>, Vol. 42, 357\u2013371.<\/p>\n<p>Wragg, J, West, J M, and Bateman, K. 2013. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/502957\/\">Potential impact of CO<sub>2<\/sub> on subsurface microbial ecosystems and implications for the performance of storage reservoirs<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 37, 800\u2013805.<\/p>\n<p>Ziogou, F, Gemeni, V, Koukouzas, N, De Angelis, D, Libertini, S, Beaubien, S E, Lombardi, S, West, J M, Jones, D G, Coombs, P, Barlow, T S, Gwosdz, S, and Kr\u00fcger, M. 2013. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1016\/j.egypro.2013.06.245\">Potential environmental impacts of CO<sub>2<\/sub> leakage from the study of natural analogue sites in Europe<\/a>. <em>Energy Procedia<\/em>, Vol. 37, 3521\u20133528.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/pearce-jonathan\/\">Jonathan Pearce<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-170-block_35779f8f2c2189321d0894a6b45890e8\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/p542294_thumbnail-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"power station at Ratcliffe-on-Soar\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/p542294_thumbnail.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\">Carbon capture and storage<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS is recognised as a European centre of excellence for the study of carbon dioxide storage. We have a dedicated team active in a number of research areas.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>We are undertaking research that will help to ensure the safe and long-term storage of CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":46665,"parent":31044,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"63981,92121,80646,80389,72765,98323","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"tags":[],"region":[],"topic":[],"purpose":[],"area":[],"challenge":[],"challenge_topic":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - 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