{"id":29116,"date":"2020-05-04T07:45:43","date_gmt":"2020-05-04T07:45:43","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=29116"},"modified":"2020-10-06T06:16:22","modified_gmt":"2020-10-06T06:16:22","slug":"eruption-source-parameters","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/","title":{"rendered":"Eruption source parameters"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Eruption source parameters (ESPs)<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research &mdash; Volcanoes <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Eruption%20source%20parameters&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Eruption%20source%20parameters&#038;body=Eruption%20source%20parameters%20(ESPs)%20are%20those%20parameters%20that%20describe%20the%20initiation%20condition%20for%20numerical%20models.%20Different%20models%20require%20different%20input%20parameters;%20the%20quality%20of%20model%20outputs%20is%20dependent%20on%20the%20quality%20of%20model%20inputs.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Eruption source parameters (ESPs) are those parameters that describe the initiation condition for numerical models. Different models require different input parameters, however a common feature of all numerical models is that the quality of model outputs is dependent on the quality of model inputs. For the past few years, BGS Volcanology has worked towards defining resources to enable ease of selection of source parameters for volcanic plume-rise and ash-dispersion models.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17_wikipedia_highres.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Overlooking the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull glacier and the ongoing volcano eruption from Hvolsv\u00f6llur on 17 April 2010. \u00a9 &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;Boaworm&lt;\/a&gt;\/&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;CC BY&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_15248\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17_wikipedia_highres-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Eyjafjallajokull volcano\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Overlooking the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull glacier and the ongoing volcano eruption from Hvolsv\u00f6llur on 17 April 2010. \u00a9 <a href=\"https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17.jpg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Boaworm<\/a>\/<a href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CC BY<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17_wikipedia_highres.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Overlooking the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull glacier and the ongoing volcano eruption from Hvolsv\u00f6llur on 17 April 2010. \u00a9 &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/commons.wikimedia.org\/wiki\/File:Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17.jpg&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;Boaworm&lt;\/a&gt;\/&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/3.0&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;CC BY&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_15248\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Plume-rise models<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Plume-rise models simulate the rise of erupted volcanic material from the vent up through the atmosphere. These models are important for relating the eruptive conditions at the vent with, for example, the eruption plume height, a key parameter when describing eruptions and when initiating ash-dispersion models.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Model.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Simulations of a volcanic plume using the Plume-MOM model. Source: de\u2019 Michieli Vitturi et al. 2016.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_12586\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Model-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Simulations of a volcanic plume\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Simulations of a volcanic plume using the Plume-MOM model. Source: de\u2019 Michieli Vitturi et al. 2016.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Model.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Simulations of a volcanic plume using the Plume-MOM model. Source: de\u2019 Michieli Vitturi et al. 2016.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_12586\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<p>The BGS co-leads this project with <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geog.cam.ac.uk\/people\/aubry\/\" target=\"_blank\">Dr Thomas Aubry<\/a> at the University of Cambridge, to produce a dataset of source parameters for plume-rise models and to validate them. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A team of experts from the volcanological community scoured literature on past volcanic events where independent eruption plume height, volume and duration information were available. This data was extracted to form a database, currently in development, which will be made available on the BGS website. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>One first output from the analysis of the collated data is a reprisal of the relation between volcanic plume height and the mass eruption rate of an eruptive event. This relation is key for informing other models, e.g. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2018.07.003\" target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">REFIR<\/a>, and atmospheric dispersal models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Ash-dispersion models<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ash-dispersion models are used in both forecasting the transport of volcanic ash during an eruptive event and for reproducing the conditions of past eruptions. These models are reliant on a number of input parameters, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>eruption volume<\/li><li>plume height<\/li><li>duration<\/li><li>particle characteristics (e.g. size; density; shape)<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>When forecasting imminent or new eruptive events, where no observations of the event are available, the choice of input parameters is defined through an understanding of past eruptive activity at a volcano. However, the record of past volcanism at many volcanoes is scarce due to a lack of observations or poor preservation of eruptive deposits. To aid parameter choice given a lack of observations, the <a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/www.usgs.gov\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">US Geological Survey<\/a>, along with a number of contributors, produced a database that assigned key eruption parameters to all 1500 volcanoes active within the last 10&nbsp;000 years. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Within this database, each volcano is assigned a category based on its dominant eruptive chemistry and the magnitude of past events, and parameters are assigned accordingly.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Over the past four years, the BGS has been working to update the database. Information within the database has been updated based on recent volcanic activity and a dedicated <a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/research\/volcanoes\/esp\/home.cfm\">website <\/a>for the database has been produced. To inform further updates to the database, surveys were conducted with the <a aria-label=\"undefined (opens in a new tab)\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volcanic_Ash_Advisory_Center\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres<\/a>, who are key users of ash dispersion models, to identify future user needs and requirements.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Reference<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key references<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>de&#8217; Michieli Vitturi, M, Engwell, S L, Neri, A, and Barsotti, S. 2016. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jvolgeores.2016.03.014\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Uncertainty quantification and sensitivity analysis of volcanic columns models: Results from the integral model PLUME-MoM<\/a>. <em>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research<\/em>, Vol. 326, 77\u201391.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/engwell-samantha\/\">Samantha Engwell<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  litchen-background-d \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Access the eruption source parameter database<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/esp\/search.cfc?method=viewHome\"  target=\"_blank\" class=\"button primary-background button btn-icon-arrow-right-white before \">View online<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-7122-block_5e7b0d7d9c15e\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_volcanology-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Yasur volcano - Anna Hicks\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_volcanology.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/\">Volcanology<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our scientists lead research projects and work in partnerships around the world to improve our understanding of volcanic processes, hazards and risks.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Eruption source parameters (ESPs) are those parameters that describe the initiation condition for numerical models. Different models require different input parameters; the quality of model outputs is dependent on the quality of model inputs.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":38490,"parent":28305,"menu_order":2,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"9812,37510,9842,16673,37491,32954","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"tags":[],"region":[],"topic":[],"purpose":[],"area":[],"challenge":[],"challenge_topic":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Eruption source parameters - British Geological Survey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Eruption Source Parameters (ESPs) are those parameters that describe the initiation condition for numerical models.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Eruption source parameters - British Geological Survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Eruption Source Parameters (ESPs) are those parameters that describe the initiation condition for numerical models.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"British Geological Survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-10-06T06:16:22+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17_wikipedia_feature.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1332\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"690\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/\",\"name\":\"Eruption source parameters - British Geological Survey\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17_wikipedia_feature.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-05-04T07:45:43+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-10-06T06:16:22+00:00\",\"description\":\"Eruption Source Parameters (ESPs) are those parameters that describe the initiation condition for numerical models.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/eruption-source-parameters\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17_wikipedia_feature.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Eyjafjallajokull_volcano_plume_2010_04_17_wikipedia_feature.jpg\",\"width\":1332,\"height\":690,\"caption\":\"Overlooking the Eyjafjallaj\u00f6kull glacier and the ongoing volcano eruption from Hvolsv\u00f6llur on April 17th, 2010. 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