{"id":28956,"date":"2019-12-19T12:10:28","date_gmt":"2020-05-02T16:24:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=28956"},"modified":"2022-10-03T06:58:36","modified_gmt":"2022-10-03T06:58:36","slug":"radioactive-waste","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/","title":{"rendered":"Geodisposal: radioactive waste"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Geodisposal: radioactive waste<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Geodisposal:%20radioactive%20waste&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Geodisposal:%20radioactive%20waste&#038;body=The%20BGS%20has%20provided%20geological%20data%20and%20interpretations%20concerning%20the%20safe%20storage%20and%20disposal%20of%20radioactive%20waste%20for%20nearly%2070%20years.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/banner_radwaste-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur hero-img\" alt=\"banner_radwaste\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/banner_radwaste.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>The BGS has been involved in radioactive waste disposal research in the UK and internationally since the mid-1950s. As a public sector, not-for-profit organisation, we advise the UK government on a range of aspects of geoscience relevant to radioactive waste disposal as well as providing impartial advice to industry, academia and the public. We also undertake research for international governmental waste-management organisations across Europe and further afield, undertaking bespoke experimental laboratory and field programmes and modelling and data interpretations concerning the safe storage and disposal of radioactive waste. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The research we undertake is scientifically independent and impartial. It is subject to peer review and is intended to better inform debate and decisions about the siting of repositories for radioactive waste in the UK and elsewhere. This is achieved through improved understanding and knowledge of the physical, chemical and biological processes that affect the properties of the rocks as well as how the rocks interact with the engineered components of a repository and change over long periods of time (up to one million years in the future).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>MoU with Nuclear Waste Services<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>BGS has entered a memorandum of understanding (MoU) agreement with Nuclear Waste Services (formerly Radioactive Waste Management) to inform the UK\u2019s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/radioactive-waste-management-mou\/\">geological disposal programme<\/a>. The two independent organisations jointly published a five-year agreement in June 2020 that sets out a framework for collaborative work at strategic, technical and operational levels. The collaboration between both organisations is intended to support improved environmental outcomes relating to the UK\u2019s geological disposal facility (GDF).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Research facilities and capabilities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Our radioactive waste disposal research encompasses a broad spectrum of capabilities. Our expertise and laboratory facilities are used to gain a better understanding of how physical, chemical and biological processes affect the physical properties of the rocks being considered to host a disposal facility. We also use them to understand the engineered materials used to surround the waste canisters underground over long timescales.<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Fluid movement through low permeability materials and coupled deformation<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Analysing the transport of gas and water through low-permeability materials is an important aspect into research on the geological disposal of radioactive waste. This research is predominantly carried out within the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/transport-properties-and-fracture-physics-research-laboratories\/\">Transport Properties Research Laboratory<\/a> (TPRL).<\/p>\n<p>Specifically designed experimental set-ups are used to analyse fluid (water or gas) flow and associated deformation of these low-permeability materials at a high resolution. These materials can range from naturally occurring clays or shales to artificial engineered barriers.<\/p>\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/harrington-jon\/\">Jon Harrington<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">The role of microbes in deep geological disposal<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/geomicrobiology-laboratory\/\">Geomicrobiology Laboratory<\/a> works with internal and external experts to deliver multidisciplinary research aimed at understanding the potential for the survival and activity of microorganisms in geological disposal facilities (GDFs). We design bespoke experimental laboratory programmes that allow us to monitor microbiology in GDF-representative pressures and temperatures.<\/p>\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/gregory-simon-2\/\">Simon Gregory<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Petrology and mineralogical characterisation of geomaterials<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We are a team of mineralogists and petrologists with expertise in characterising a wide variety of natural, experimental and engineered materials being considered for a radioactive waste GDF. These include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>metals, such as copper, steel and titanium<\/li>\n<li>bentonite clays<\/li>\n<li>cements<\/li>\n<li>glass<\/li>\n<li>geopolymers<\/li>\n<li>rocks<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Our work spans the deep and surface disposal community as well as those responsible for waste packaging and the investigation and clean up of radioactive contaminated sites. We work closely with experimental scientists, such as engineers, microbiologists and geoscientists, in designing laboratory and full-scale experimental programmes and analysing and interpreting the results.<\/p>\n<p>We utilise a range of analytical techniques including optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (including STEM) and cryo, digital and etch-track autoradiography, as well as linking to other BGS facilities such as:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>core scanning<\/li>\n<li>X-ray diffusion<\/li>\n<li>thermogravimetric analysis (TGA)<\/li>\n<li>Brunauer\u2013Emmett\u2013Teller (BET) surface analysis<\/li>\n<li>inorganic chemistry facilities (including ICP and ICP-MS)<\/li>\n<li>ion chromatography<\/li>\n<li>mercury porosimetry<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>Other, externally available techniques are also utilised including Diamond Light Source and NMR.<\/p>\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/field-lorraine-2\/\">Lorraine Field<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">National Geological Repository and Core Scanning Facility<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-data\/national-geological-repository\/\">National Geological Repository<\/a> (NGR) houses geological material collected since the early days of the BGS in 1835 and now includes over 600\u00a0km of drillcore. As part of this collection, it also houses the core from 30 deep boreholes, which was obtained as part of the extensive NIREX geological investigations for a deep geological disposal site in the 1990s.<\/p>\n<p>The new, state-of-the art <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/rock-volume-cluster\">Core Scanning Facility<\/a> in the NGR provides geophysical, mineralogical and geochemical characteristics of a drillcore, including:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>high-definition optical and ultraviolet (UV) imaging<\/li>\n<li>X-ray fluorescence<\/li>\n<li>X-ray computed tomography reconstructions<\/li>\n<li>geophysical analyses:\n<ul>\n<li>gamma density<\/li>\n<li>magnetic susceptibility<\/li>\n<li>non-contact electrical resistivity<\/li>\n<li>P-wave velocity<\/li>\n<li>colour spectrophotometry (including NIR)<\/li>\n<li>natural gamma activity<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>These techniques minimise the need for destructive sampling and enable scientists to target specific areas of interest for effective subsampling procedures.<\/p>\n<p>If you would like to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/howe-michael\/\">Mike Howe<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Site selection and characterisation<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>It is internationally accepted that placing higher-activity radioactive waste deep underground puts it far beyond the reach of humans, locking it away from the biosphere so it is safe and secure.&nbsp;The surrounding rock plays an important role in shielding people and the surface environment we live in from radiation and, depending on the rock type, will either limit or completely prevent radioactivity from reaching the surface. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>We contribute independent geoscientific advice and expertise to inform the selection and characterisation of rocks being considered to host waste disposal facilities and the properties of the wider geological environment. We also undertake research to predict how tectonic and climatic processes, such as seismicity and future glaciations, may affect a facility in the future.<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Site selection and characterisation in the UK<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As the UK\u2019s national geoscientific body, we work closely with relevant government bodies (such as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/nuclear-waste-services\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuclear Waste Services<\/a>\u00a0(part of the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/nuclear-decommissioning-authority\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuclear Decommissioning Authority<\/a>) and the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gov.uk\/government\/organisations\/environment-agency\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Environment Agency<\/a>) to fulfil a key role in the future selection and subsurface characterisation of a site for the UK GDF. We consider the provision of authoritative and impartial geoscientific input to the UK programme as part of our public good role. This enables our world-leading UK applied geoenvironmental research to objectively contribute to overcoming the challenges of delivering a GDF for UK higher-activity radioactive wastes.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Information about the current UK <a href=\"https:\/\/geologicaldisposal.campaign.gov.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">site selection programme<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If you would like to discover more then please contact <a href=\"mailto:davmcc@bgs.ac.uk\">Dave McCarthy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">National Geological Screening<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In support of the current UK geological disposal siting programme, the BGS was commissioned to independently undertake desk-based studies compiling existing, publicly available geoscientific information about England, Wales and Northern Ireland. This is referred to as the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/national-geological-screening\/\">National Geological Screening<\/a> exercise.<\/p>\n<p>The outcome of the exercise is a series of 13 reports corresponding to the BGS Regional Guide series. Each report describes geological features relevant to the safety requirements of a GDF for radioactive waste emplaced onshore and up to 20 km offshore at depths between 200 and 1000\u00a0m from the surface.<\/p>\n<p>Waste emplaced in a deep GDF will remain radioactive for up to a million years. We have a long track record in studying earth processes such as plate tectonics and associated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/earthquake-seismology\/\">seismicity<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/volcanoes\/\">volcanism<\/a> and we undertake research and predictive modelling of those processes that have the potential to affect a GDF over such long timescales. Climate-driven processes, such as glaciations, also affect the Earth and its surface.<\/p>\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"mailto:davmcc@bgs.ac.uk\">Dave McCarthy<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Groundwater modelling and data flows<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We have a dedicated team of physical hydrogeologists and geochemists, as well as groundwater flow and thermal and solute transport modellers, who have expertise in providing information to inform safety cases for the storage and disposal of radioactive waste as well as the clean-up of legacy sites. We develop conceptual site models of groundwater flow and radionuclide transport, investigate groundwater and geochemical interactions in legacy sites and undertake integration of conceptual and numerical models from regional to site scales.<\/p>\n<p>We undertake work for site owners and regulators both in the UK and internationally.<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Find out more about our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/groundwater-modelling\/\">groundwater modelling research<\/a>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>If you would like to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/hughes-andrew\/\">Andrew Hughes<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you would like to discover more then please contact <a href=\"mailto:enquiries@bgs.ac.uk\">enquiries@bgs.ac.uk<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-4660-block_5e7b0d7d9c15e\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/transport-properties-and-fracture-physics-research-laboratories\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/RMPL_8_sheared-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"A piece of sandstone rock that has been sheard by pressure applied in a laboratory setting\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/04\/RMPL_8_sheared.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/transport-properties-and-fracture-physics-research-laboratories\/\">Transport Properties and Fracture Physics Research Laboratories<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Research in these laboratories focuses on understanding fluid (water, gas and solutes) movement and rock deformation in the subsurface.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/transport-properties-and-fracture-physics-research-laboratories\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/geomicrobiology-laboratory\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomicrobiology-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geomicrobiology laboratory\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomicrobiology.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/geomicrobiology-laboratory\/\">Geomicrobiology Laboratory<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Geomicrobiology Laboratory investigates microbiological processes associated with geological materials and how they impact on the environment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/geomicrobiology-laboratory\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/groundwater-research\/groundwater-modelling\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/feature_flowpaths-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"groundwater flowpaths\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/feature_flowpaths.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/groundwater-research\/groundwater-modelling\/\">Groundwater modelling<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our modelling research focuses on the development and application of models to improve our understanding of hydrological and groundwater processes <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/groundwater-research\/groundwater-modelling\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/national-geological-screening\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/feature_NGS-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"National Geological Screening\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/feature_NGS.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/national-geological-screening\/\">National Geological Screening<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A series of studies compiling existing, publicly available geological information relevant to the safety requirements of a geological disposal facility for radioactive waste.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/national-geological-screening\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section  style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/News-events-scaled.jpg')\" id=\"latest-content-7693-block_633a87855428a\" class=\"cards-carousel-section  basic-background-1   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Related news<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12 owl-carousel carousel-basic-2-color owl-theme carousel-js\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/technologies\/tromino\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tromino_min-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"HVSR profile over an interglacial (Ipswichian) former coastline in the Holderness region of Yorkshire.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/Tromino_min.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Hazards<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/technologies\/tromino\/\">Tromino<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Tromino is tool that is easy to deploy almost anywhere, which enables us to detect and visualise the layering of superficial deposits and underlying bedrock.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/technologies\/tromino\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/feature_ESA_satellite-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"ESA satellite\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/feature_ESA_satellite.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Hazards<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/\">Geodesy and Earth Observation<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We develop and use innovative Earth observation (EO) techniques to characterise and monitor Earth processes that impact lives and livelihoods. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomatic-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geomatic surveys\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomatic.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Hazards<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\">Ground-based &amp; near-earth geomatic surveys<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS has pioneered the use of ground-based (terrestrial) techniques for a variety of geoscientific applications since 1999.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/uk-geoenergy-observatories\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_UKGEOS-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"UKGEOS\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_UKGEOS.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Energy<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/uk-geoenergy-observatories\/\">UK Geoenergy Observatories<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>UK Geoenergy Observatories are facilitating a step change in our understanding of geology and our relationship with the underground environment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/uk-geoenergy-observatories\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/feature_radwaste-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Radioactive waste research\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/feature_radwaste.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Energy<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/\">Geodisposal: radioactive waste<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS has provided geological data and interpretations concerning the safe storage and disposal of radioactive waste for nearly 70 years.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/3d-visualisation-systems\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/urbanenv-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"urbanenv\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/urbanenv.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Geology<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/3d-visualisation-systems\/\">3D visualisation systems<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>3D visualisation systems enable geoscientists to communicate with each other and with end users from diverse disciplines to better understand complex and varied datasets.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/3d-visualisation-systems\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/geophysical_tomography_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"The ALERT system generates a daily time-lapse image.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/geophysical_tomography_feature.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Hazards<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/\">Shallow geophysics<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS are developing and using leading-edge technologies such as Geophysical Tomography to image the shallow subsurface.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/technologies\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/P641010_technologies_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Capacitive Resistivity Imaging (CRI) MkII prototype.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/P641010_technologies_feature.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Hazards<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/technologies\/\">Technologies<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Creating innovative technologies with in the field of geophysical and geotechnical monitoring. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/technologies\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/applications\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/data_collection_quarry-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Data collection in a quarry.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/data_collection_quarry.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Built environment<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/applications\/\">Applications<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Applications range from mineral exploration and waste management, to monitoring active processes within the subsurface, such as the movement of pollutants, or the flow of groundwater in unstable slopes affecting infrastructure.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/applications\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/theory\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/theory_graphic-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geographical tomography theory equation\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/theory_graphic.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Built environment<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/theory\/\">Theory<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The team  are actively researching and developing new modelling and data analysis methods in geophysical tomography.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/theory\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/technologies\/prime\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PRIME_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Close up of PRIME hardware.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/PRIME_feature.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Built environment<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/technologies\/prime\/\">PRIME<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>PRIME is a low-cost system specifically designed to monitor through remote operation for deployment on &#8216;at risk&#8217; geotechnical assets (e.g. embankments; cuttings; dams). <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geophysical-tomography\/technologies\/prime\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The BGS has provided geological data and interpretations concerning the safe storage and disposal of radioactive waste for nearly 70 years.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":30415,"parent":0,"menu_order":9,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"7260,34248,17149,17361,17122,21654","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"tags":[],"region":[11,12,10,9,8,117,116],"topic":[33,20,21,32,22,23,24,31,25,27,29],"purpose":[],"area":[15,16,17],"challenge":[50,52,49,51],"challenge_topic":[131],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Geodisposal: radioactive waste - British Geological Survey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"BGS have provided geological data and interpretations concerning the safe storage and disposal of radioactive waste for nearly 70 years.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Geodisposal: radioactive waste - British Geological Survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"BGS have provided geological data and interpretations concerning the safe storage and disposal of radioactive waste for nearly 70 years.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/radioactive-waste\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" 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