{"id":27540,"date":"2020-04-23T22:12:11","date_gmt":"2020-04-23T22:12:11","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=27540"},"modified":"2020-08-11T13:25:09","modified_gmt":"2020-08-11T13:25:09","slug":"virkisjokull-glacier-observatory-weather-station-data-and-daily-images","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/virkisjokull-glacier-observatory-weather-station-data-and-daily-images\/","title":{"rendered":"Virkisj\u00f6kull Glacier Observatory weather station data and daily images"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Virkisj\u00f6kull Glacier Observatory weather station data and daily images<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research &mdash; Glacier monitoring<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/virkisjokull-glacier-observatory-weather-station-data-and-daily-images\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Virkisj\u00f6kull%20Glacier%20Observatory%20weather%20station%20data%20and%20daily%20images&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/virkisjokull-glacier-observatory-weather-station-data-and-daily-images\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/virkisjokull-glacier-observatory-weather-station-data-and-daily-images\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Virkisj\u00f6kull%20Glacier%20Observatory%20weather%20station%20data%20and%20daily%20images&#038;body=The%20BGS%20Virkisj\u00f6kull%20Glacier%20Observatory%20operated%20three%20automated%20weather%20stations%20(AWS),%20positioned%20at%20different%20heights,%20around%20the%20glacier.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/virkisjokull-glacier-observatory-weather-station-data-and-daily-images\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/virkisjokull-glacier-observatory-weather-station-data-and-daily-images\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>The BGS&#8217;s <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/virkisjokull-ice-observatory-case-study\/\">Virkisj\u00f6kull Glacier Observatory<\/a> operated three automated weather stations (AWS) around the glacier. These were positioned at different heights (156&nbsp;m, 444&nbsp;m and 885&nbsp;m) to determine changes in weather parameters with altitude, thus producing, for example, temperature or humidity gradients.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Locations of the weather stations<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Automated weather station 1<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_27823\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27823\" style=\"width: 960px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27823\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/17.-960x497.jpg\" alt=\"\" width=\"960\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/17.-960x497.jpg 960w, https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/17.-768x398.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/17..jpg 1332w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27823\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Automated Weather Station 1 (AWS1) at the margin of Fallj\u00f6kull. Jez Everest, BGS \u00a9 UKRI. All rights reserved.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>156 m above sea level (asl); 16\u00b048&#8217;19&#8243;W, 63\u00b057&#8217;53&#8243;N.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Automated weather station 3<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_27821\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27821\" style=\"width: 960px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27821\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/18.-960x497.jpg\" alt=\"Weather station Iceland\" width=\"960\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/18.-960x497.jpg 960w, https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/18.-768x398.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/18..jpg 1332w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27821\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Automated weather station 3 (AWS3) at the Fallj\u00f6kull ice fall. Jez Everest, BGS \u00a9 UKRI. All rights reserved.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>444 m asl; 16\u00b047&#8217;5.64&#8243;W, 63\u00b058&#8217;12.78&#8243;N.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Automated weather station 4<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-medium wp-image-27822\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/19.-960x497.jpg\" alt=\"Weather station, Iceland.\" width=\"960\" height=\"497\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/19.-960x497.jpg 960w, https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/19.-768x398.jpg 768w, https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/19..jpg 1332w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 960px) 100vw, 960px\" \/><br \/>\nAutomated weather station 4 (AWS4) high up above Virkisj\u00f6kull. Heiko Buxel, BGS \u00a9 UKRI. All rights reserved.<\/p>\n<p>805 m asl; 16\u00b048\u20197\u2033W , 63\u00b059\u201952\u2033N.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Automated stream gauge 1<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure id=\"attachment_27746\" aria-describedby=\"caption-attachment-27746\" style=\"width: 690px\" class=\"wp-caption alignnone\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" class=\"size-full wp-image-27746\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10.-View-of-bridge-equipment.jpg\" alt=\"View of bridge equipment\" width=\"690\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10.-View-of-bridge-equipment.jpg 690w, https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/10.-View-of-bridge-equipment-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 690px) 100vw, 690px\" \/><figcaption id=\"caption-attachment-27746\" class=\"wp-caption-text\">Automated stream gauge 1 (ASG1), Iceland. BGS \u00a9 UKRI. All rights reserved.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<p>77 m asl; 16\u00b050&#8217;54&#8243;W, 63\u00b057&#8217;11&#8243;N.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Images<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Each of our weather stations captured three images a day using robust, colour, two megapixel security cameras. These are viewable as <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/glacier-timelapse-movies\/\">timelapse videos<\/a> or can be requested on an individual basis or covering a specified time period by contacting <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/everestjeremy\/\">Jez Everest<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Weather station data<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Data formats for the BGS Virkisj\u00f6kull Glacier Observatory weather stations <\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Temperature (\u00b0C)<\/strong><br \/>\nStations: AWS1, AWS3, AWS4, ASG1<\/p>\n<p>AWS1, 3 and 4 measure air temperature every five seconds and an hourly average is displayed.<\/p>\n<p>ASG1 records water temperature in the first minute of each hour.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Relative humidity (%)<\/strong><br \/>\nStations: AWS1, AWS3, AWS4<\/p>\n<p>Stations record every five seconds and an hourly average is displayed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Wind speed (metres per second)<\/strong><br \/>\nStations: AWS1, AWS3, AWS4<\/p>\n<p>AWS1 and 3 use a traditional anemometer measuring every five seconds to produce an hourly average.<\/p>\n<p>AWS4 employs an ultrasonic sensor measuring every five seconds to produce an hourly average.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Wind speed maximum (metres per second)<\/strong><br \/>\nStations: AWS1, AWS3, AWS4<\/p>\n<p>AWS1 and 3 use traditional anemometers measuring every five seconds to determine maximum speed in an hour.<\/p>\n<p>AWS4 employs an ultrasonic sensor measuring every five seconds to determine maximum speed in an hour.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Wind direction (degrees)<\/strong><br \/>\nStations: AWS1, AWS3, AWS4<\/p>\n<p>AWS1 and 3 use a traditional wind vane measuring every five seconds to produce an hourly average.<\/p>\n<p>AWS4 employs an ultrasonic sensor measuring every five seconds to produce an hourly average.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Pressure (hectopascals)<\/strong><br \/>\nStations: AWS4<\/p>\n<p>AWS4 records measurements every five seconds and an hourly average is displayed.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Rainfall (millimetres per hour)<\/strong><br \/>\nStations: AWS1, AWS4<\/p>\n<p>AWS1 uses a tipping-bucket rain gauge, which records numbers of &#8216;bucket tips&#8217; to derive an hourly total.<\/p>\n<p>AWS4 employs a rainfall impact sensor and converts impacts to rainfall volume to give an hourly total.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Solar flux (watts per square metre)<\/strong><br \/>\nStations: AWS1<\/p>\n<p>AWS1 uses a pyranometer and records every five seconds and an hourly average is produced.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Terms and conditions <\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS gives non-exclusive permission to use its Virkisj\u00f6kull Glacier Observatory weather station information free of charge, for non-commercial private study, research and educational activities, subject to you agreeing to acknowledge the information when reproducing any part of it and to compliance with any other stated terms and conditions of use.<\/p>\n<p>The following acknowledgement must accompany the reproduced information:<\/p>\n<p>&#8216;Reproduced with the permission of the British Geological Survey \u00a9 UKRI. All rights reserved.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p>Where the information is used as the basis of specifically generated figures, sketches, illustrations, diagrams, map extracts or cross-sections, the source of the material should be cited as follows:<\/p>\n<p>&#8216;Based upon Virkisj\u00f6kull weather station information, with the permission of the British Geological Survey&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p>Commercial usage of the information is not permitted under these terms of use. Commercial usage of the information is permitted only subject to separate arrangements being agreed in writing with the BGS.<\/p>\n<p>While every effort has been made to ensure the accuracy of this data, the BGS gives no warranty as to the quality or accuracy of the information or its suitability for any use. All implied conditions relating to the quality or suitability of the information, and all liabilities arising from the supply or use of the information and for any reliance on results arising out of use of the information (including any liability arising in negligence), are excluded to the fullest extent permitted by law.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/everestjeremy\/\">Jez Everest<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-8194-block_5ea21212a54d1\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Featured-Image-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Featured-Image_BGS\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Featured-Image-1.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/\">Glacier monitoring<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS uses cutting-edge technology in Iceland to monitor how glaciers and their surrounding landscape change over time, and how they respond to climate. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/glacier-monitoring\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The BGS Virkisj\u00f6kull Glacier Observatory operated three automated weather stations (AWS), positioned at different heights, around the glacier.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":28048,"parent":27527,"menu_order":1,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"37510,9189,9609,1721,21380,11341","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"region":[],"topic":[],"purpose":[],"area":[],"challenge":[],"challenge_topic":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - 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