{"id":26757,"date":"2020-04-16T16:19:57","date_gmt":"2020-04-16T16:19:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=26757"},"modified":"2024-03-04T13:39:03","modified_gmt":"2024-03-04T13:39:03","slug":"energy-storage","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/energy-storage\/","title":{"rendered":"Energy storage"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Energy storage<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/energy-storage\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Energy%20storage&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/energy-storage\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/energy-storage\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Energy%20storage&#038;body=BGS%20has%20a%20sustained%20track%20record%20of%20energy%20storage%20research,%20which%20will%20underpin%20future%20laboratory,%20field%20and%20GIS-based%20activities%20and%20commissions.%20%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/energy-storage\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/energy-storage\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>For many years, energy policy in the UK has been framed by the requirement for:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>security of supply<\/li><li>energy that is affordable<\/li><li>sources of low-carbon energy<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>Globally, the requirements of the COP21 (\u2018Paris Agreement\u2019) on climate change are to reduce temperature rises to two degrees by 2050. However, there are significant environmental advantages to keeping the rise in temperature to less than two degrees; a rise restricted to just 1.5 degrees would lead to a reduced rise in sea level, maintain some coral communities and keep more Arctic sea ice.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>It is thought that restricting the temperature rise to two degrees requires a reduction in carbon emissions of 70\u201390 per cent worldwide; the UK has adopted an emissions reduction target of 80 per cent by 2050. Furthermore, the UK has pledged to be carbon-neutral by 2050 (with Scotland aiming to achieve this by 2045).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Renewable energy<\/h2>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/MPLT621-01_web.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Halite is a complex, crystalline rock that is viscoplastic, meaning it flows naturally in the subsurface and can self-heal fractures over geological time. Halite is also soluble. These properties mean that large voids in the subsurface can be created by solution mining, resulting in storage space that is gas-tight and suitable for the storage of natural gas, compressed air and hydrogen, three principal energy carriers. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_70408\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/MPLT621-01_web-960x623.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Halite\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Halite is a complex, crystalline rock that is viscoplastic, meaning it flows naturally in the subsurface and can self-heal fractures over geological time. Halite is also soluble. These properties mean that large voids in the subsurface can be created by solution mining, resulting in storage space that is gas-tight and suitable for the storage of natural gas, compressed air and hydrogen, three principal energy carriers. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/MPLT621-01_web.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Halite is a complex, crystalline rock that is viscoplastic, meaning it flows naturally in the subsurface and can self-heal fractures over geological time. Halite is also soluble. These properties mean that large voids in the subsurface can be created by solution mining, resulting in storage space that is gas-tight and suitable for the storage of natural gas, compressed air and hydrogen, three principal energy carriers. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_70408\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/hole-surface-2_web.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;A void developed in halite in west Lancashire, imaged as a 3D model. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_70408\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/hole-surface-2_web-960x623.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"3D model of hole surface\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>A void developed in halite in west Lancashire, imaged as a 3D model. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/hole-surface-2_web.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;A void developed in halite in west Lancashire, imaged as a 3D model. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_70408\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Energy_storage2_web.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;As well as mapping potential locations for gas storage caverns, we have also calculated the energy that can be stored in individual caverns, allowing planners and developers to understand the variation in the amount of energy that can be stored in different parts of the UK. Contains Ordnance Survey data \u00a9 Crown Copyright and database rights 2020.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_70408\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Energy_storage2_web-960x763.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"map of gas storage caverns\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>As well as mapping potential locations for gas storage caverns, we have also calculated the energy that can be stored in individual caverns, allowing planners and developers to understand the variation in the amount of energy that can be stored in different parts of the UK. Contains Ordnance Survey data \u00a9 Crown Copyright and database rights 2020.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Energy_storage2_web.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;As well as mapping potential locations for gas storage caverns, we have also calculated the energy that can be stored in individual caverns, allowing planners and developers to understand the variation in the amount of energy that can be stored in different parts of the UK. Contains Ordnance Survey data \u00a9 Crown Copyright and database rights 2020.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_70408\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Energy_storage1_web.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;This is a 3D model of an engineered gas storage cavern in solution-mined halite. This cavern is over 500 m below the ground surface, with approximate dimensions of 80 m high and 50 m diameter and 300 000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;\/sup&gt; in volume. Our research has mapped out the areas where these caverns could potentially be developed. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_70408\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Energy_storage1_web-960x763.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"3D model of an engineered gas storage cavern\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>This is a 3D model of an engineered gas storage cavern in solution-mined halite. This cavern is over 500 m below the ground surface, with approximate dimensions of 80 m high and 50 m diameter and 300 000 m<sup>3<\/sup> in volume. Our research has mapped out the areas where these caverns could potentially be developed. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Energy_storage1_web.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;This is a 3D model of an engineered gas storage cavern in solution-mined halite. This cavern is over 500 m below the ground surface, with approximate dimensions of 80 m high and 50 m diameter and 300 000 m&lt;sup&gt;3&lt;\/sup&gt; in volume. Our research has mapped out the areas where these caverns could potentially be developed. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_70408\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<p>One way to achieve these ambitious targets is to increase the use of renewable energy. However, to address the issue of intermittent supply of energy (e.g. days with little sunshine or wind) energy has to be stored at time of surplus for use at times where demand outstrips supply. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Technologies for energy storage<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Large-scale energy storage is possible via various technologies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>The largest potential energy stores in the UK are pumped hydro schemes, which account for over 90 per cent of current storage capacity in the UK.<\/li><li>Underground storage is operated commercially in several parts of the UK, where large caverns in halite have been developed and store various products including natural gas and hydrogen. There is the potential for energy to be stored in similar caverns as compressed air.<\/li><li>Heat and cool can be stored in a multitude of ways in the subsurface, including being stored and retrieved in the pore space of depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers. There are also opportunities to store heat as molten salt and in hot rocks and cool in the production of ice when demand for electricity is low.<\/li><li>The pore space in depleted hydrocarbon reservoirs and aquifers can also be a target for the storage of fluids including natural gas, hydrogen and fuel.<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>We have contributed to a Europe-wide review of <a href=\"https:\/\/energnet.eu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/3-Hladik_ESTMAP-presentation-Paris-2019-11_for-web.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">energy storage options<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Hydrogen as an energy source<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A second route to meeting the temperature rise targets may be to increase the use of hydrogen as an energy source or carrier. Hydrogen could decarbonise domestic heating, transport and areas of industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrogen can be produced from methane; it produces water and no carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) on combustion. However, commercial production of hydrogen is energy intensive, with the steam methane reformation process being more carbon-intensive than combustion, so carbon capture and storage (CCS) is required to lessen the carbon impact. Hydrogen can also be produced by electrolysis from water, but to date this is not commercially viable.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The role of geology<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Geology is key to the success of the hydrogen economy as a source of methane, as a sink for CO<sub>2<\/sub> and to provide underground storage for large quantities of hydrogen. The underground geology can also provide the host for the underground energy-storage techniques that could potentially be developed in the UK. Our rich geological heritage includes thick beds of halite that can be developed for cavern storage, depleted hydrocarbon fields that have held large amounts of oil and gas over geological time and aquifers with pore space that could be utilised for energy storage. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There are also novel uses of the underground for energy storage such as lined tunnels for compressed air, abandoned mines for heat storage and permeable rocks\/caverns for underground pumped hydro projects.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The UK Government, through the Industrial Strategy, has identified energy storage as one of eight technologies where the UK is set to become a global leader. <\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/8technologies.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Eight great technologies in which the UK is set to be a global leader. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/249255\/eight_great_technologies_overall_infographic.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;gov.uk&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_42299\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/8technologies-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Eight Great Technologies\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/8technologies.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Eight great technologies in which the UK is set to be a global leader. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/249255\/eight_great_technologies_overall_infographic.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">gov.uk<\/a><\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/8technologies.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Eight great technologies in which the UK is set to be a global leader. Source: &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/assets.publishing.service.gov.uk\/government\/uploads\/system\/uploads\/attachment_data\/file\/249255\/eight_great_technologies_overall_infographic.pdf&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;gov.uk&lt;\/a&gt;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_42299\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>We have a sustained track record of research in this area, which will underpin future laboratory, field and GIS-based activities and commissions. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key references<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>B\u00e9rest, P, R\u00e9veill\u00e8re, A, Evans, D J, and St\u00f6wer, M. 2019 <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.2516\/ogst\/2018093\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Review and analysis of historical leakages from storage salt caverns wells<\/a>. <em>Oil &amp; Gas Science and Technology \u2014 Revue d\u2019IFP Energies Nouvelles<\/em>, Vol. 74, 27.<\/p>\n<p>Crotogino, F, Schneider, G-S, and Evans, D J. 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1177\/0957650917731181\">Renewable energy storage in geological formations<\/a>. <em>Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Journal of Power and Energy<\/em>, Vol. 232,(1).<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J. 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/SP313.12\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A review of underground fuel storage events and putting risk into perspective with other areas of the energy supply chain<\/a>. 173\u2013216 in <em>Underground Energy Storage: Worldwide Experiences and Future Development in the UK and Europe.<\/em> Evans, D J, and Chadwick, R A (editors). <em>Geological Society Special Publication<\/em> 313. (London: Geological Society.)<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J. 2008. Accidents at UFS sites and risk relative to other areas of the energy supply chain, with particular reference to salt cavern storage. <em>Solution Mining Research Institute (SMRI) Fall 2008 Technical Conference Austin, TX, USA, 13\u201314 October 2008<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J, and Chadwick, R A (editors). 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/SP313.0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><em>Underground Energy Storage: Worldwide Experiences and Future Development in the UK and Europe.<\/em><\/a> <em>Geological Society Special Publication<\/em> 313. (London: Geological Society.)<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D, and Chadwick, R A. 2009. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1144\/SP313.1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Underground gas storage: an introduction and UK perspective<\/a>. 1-11 in <em>Underground Energy Storage: Worldwide Experiences and Future Development in the UK and Europe.<\/em> Evans, D J, and Chadwick, R A (editors). <em>Geological Society Special Publication<\/em> 313. (London: Geological Society.)<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J, and Holloway, S. 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/SP313.5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A review of onshore UK salt deposits and their potential for underground gas storage<\/a>. 39\u201380 in <em>Underground Energy Storage: Worldwide Experiences and Future Development in the UK and Europe.<\/em> Evans, D J, and Chadwick, R A (editors). <em>Geological Society Special Publication<\/em> 313. (London: Geological Society.)<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J, and West, J M. 2008. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hse.gov.uk\/research\/rrhtm\/rr605.htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An appraisal of underground gas storage technologies and incidents, for the development of risk assessment methodology<\/a>. <em>Health and Safety Executive (HSE) Research Report<\/em> RR605.<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J, Carpenter, G, and Farr, G. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1039\/9781788015530-00042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mechanical systems for energy storage-scale and environmental issues: pumped hydroelectric and compressed air energy storage<\/a>. 42\u2013114 in <em>Energy Storage Options and their Environmental Impact. <\/em>Hester, R E, and Harrison, R M (editors). (London, UK: Royal Society of Chemistry.)<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J, Kingdon, A, Hough, E, Reynolds, W, and Heitmann, N. 2012. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/0016-76492011-143\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">First account of resistivity borehole micro-imaging (FMI) to assess the sedimentology and structure of the Preesall Halite, NW England: implications for gas storage and wider applications in CCS caprock assessment.<\/a> <em>Journal of the Geological Society<\/em>, Vol. 169(5), 587\u2013592.<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J, Williams, J D O, Hough, E, and Stacey, A. 2011. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/15562\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The stratigraphy and lateral correlations of the Northwich and Preesall halites from the Cheshire Basin-East Irish Sea areas: implications for sedimentary environments, rates of deposition and the solution mining of gas storage caverns.<\/a> S<em>MRI Fall 2011 Technical Conference, 3-4 October 2011, York, United Kingdom.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J, Stephenson, M H, and Shaw, R. 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.landusepol.2009.09.015\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The present and future use of \u2018land\u2019 below ground<\/a>. <em>Land Use Policy<\/em>, Vol. 265(1), S302\u2013S316.<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J, Reay, D M, Riley, N J, Mitchell, W I, and Busby, J. 2006. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/7398\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Appraisal of underground energy storage potential in Northern Ireland.<\/a> <em>British Geological Survey Internal Report<\/em>, IR\/06\/095.<\/p>\n<p>Evans, D J, Holloway, S, and Riley, N J. 2004 <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/510460\/\">The case for underground gas storage (UGS): a report submitted by the BGS to the House of Lords inquiry into European Union energy policy: gas supply and access<\/a>. <em>British Geological Survey Occasional Publication<\/em>, 5.\u00a0 (Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey) (unpublished).<\/p>\n<p>Field, L P, Milodowski, A E, Evans, D J, Palumbo-Roe, B, Hall, M R, Marriott, A L, Barlow, T, and Devez, A. 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/qjegh2018-072\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Determining constraints imposed by salt fabrics on the morphology of solution mined cavities in relation to CAES, through dissolution experiments using brine and seawater in halite<\/a>. <em>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology<\/em>, Vol. 52, 240\u2013254.<\/p>\n<p>Field, LP, Palumbo-Roe, B, Milodowski, AE, Hall, MR, Parkes, D, and Evans, D. 2015. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/510575\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dissolution experiments in halite cores: comparisons in cavity shape and controls between brine and seawater experiments<\/a>. In: <em>Goldschmidt 2015, Prague, Czech Republic, 16-21 August 2015<\/em> (unpublished).<\/p>\n<p>Garvey, S D, Eames, P C, Wang, J H, Pimm, A J, Waterson, M, MacKay, R S, Giuliette, M, Flatley, L C, Thomson, M, Barton, J, Evans, D J, Busby, J, and Garvey, J E. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.enpol.2015.08.001\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On Generation-integrated Energy Storage<\/a>. <em>Energy Policy<\/em>, Vol. 86, 544\u2013551.<\/p>\n<p>He, W, Luo, X, Evans, DJ, Busby, J, Garvey, S, Parkes, D, and Wang, J. 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.apenergy.2017.09.074\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Exergy storage of compressed air in cavern and cavern volume estimation of the large-scale compressed air energy storage system<\/a>. 2017. <em>Applied Energy<\/em>, Vol. 208, 745\u2013757.<\/p>\n<p>Hough, E, and Evans, D J. 2016 <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/515998\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Primary sedimentary structures in bedded halite- indicators of depositional conditions from the mid-Triassic of the UK.<\/a> In: <em>55th British Sedimentological Research Group Annual Meeting, Cambridge, UK, 18-20 December 2016<\/em> (unpublished).<\/p>\n<p>Hough, E, and Evans, D J. 2011. Cheshire Basin field workshop for SMRI Fall 2011 Technical Conference, 5-6 October 2011, United Kingdom.<\/p>\n<p>Hough, E, Evans, D J, and Williamson, J P. 2011. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/15568\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A geological reappraisal of the Preesall Saltfield, Lancashire, United Kingdom: recognising geological factors relevant to gas storage.<\/a> <em>SMRI Fall 2011 Technical Conference, 3\u20134 October 2011, York, United Kingdom.<\/em><\/p>\n<p>Kingdon, A, and Evans, D J. 2013 <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/500934\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Use of processed resistivity borehole imaging to assess the insoluble content of the massively bedded Preesall Halite NW England<\/a>.\u00a0 In: <em>EGU General Assembly 2013, Vienna, Austria, 7\u201312 April 2013<\/em> (unpublished).<\/p>\n<p>Kingdon, A, Evans, D J, Hough, E, Heitmann, N, and Reynolds, W. 2011. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/17138\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Use of resistivity borehole imaging to assess the structure, sedimentology and insoluble content of the massively bedded Preesall Halite NW England<\/a>. <em>SMRI Fall 2011 Technical Conference, 3\u20134 October 2011, York, United<\/em> <em>Kingdom<\/em> (unpublished).<\/p>\n<p>Milodowski, A E, Field, L P, Palumbo-Roe, B, Hall, M R, Parkes, D, and Evans, D J. 2014 <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/510233\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dissolution experiments in halite cores: initial findings<\/a>. In: <em>UKES2014 : UK Energy Storage Conference, Warwick, UK, 25\u201327 November 2014<\/em> (unpublished).<\/p>\n<p>Parkes, D, Evans, D J, Dooner, M, He, W, Busby, J, and Garvey, S. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/meetingorganizer.copernicus.org\/EGU2019\/EGU2019-4205.pdf.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estimating potential for CAES (compressed air energy storage) in the bedded halites of the UK<\/a>. <em>Geophysical Research Abstracts<\/em> 21, EGU 2019\u20134205.<\/p>\n<p>Parkes, D, Evans, D J, Williamson, J P, and Williams, J D O. 2018. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.est.2018.04.019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estimating available salt volume for potential CAES development: a case study using the Northwich Halite of the Cheshire Basin<\/a>. <em>Journal of Energy Science<\/em>, Vol. 18, 50\u201361.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t<div class=\"relatives\">\n\t\t\t\t<h5>Relative topics<\/h5>\t\t\t\t<div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/tag\/energy-storage\/\" class=\"button primary-background\">energy storage<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/tag\/energy-transition\/\" class=\"button primary-background\">energy transition<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/tag\/hydrogen-energy\/\" class=\"button primary-background\">hydrogen energy<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/tag\/hydrogen-storage\/\" class=\"button primary-background\">hydrogen storage<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-3233-block_5e7b0d7d9c15e\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/geothermal-technologies\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/geothermal-technologies-feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geothermal energy technologies. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/geothermal-technologies-feature.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/geothermal-technologies\/\">Geothermal technologies<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Geothermal energy is available across the UK in different geological settings. It can be used to produce thermal (and in some places electrical) energy for a wide range of uses.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/geothermal-technologies\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/decarbonisation\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Decarbonisation_feature_Inch_Marshes-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Ince Marshes \u00a9 Peter Corcoran\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/06\/Decarbonisation_feature_Inch_Marshes.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/decarbonisation\/\">Decarbonisation and resource management<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Decarbonisation of power production, heat, transport and industry is a major challenge and one that intrinsically involves geoscience. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/decarbonisation\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/p542294_thumbnail-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"power station at Ratcliffe-on-Soar\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/p542294_thumbnail.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\">Carbon capture and storage<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS is recognised as a European centre of excellence for the study of carbon dioxide storage. We have a dedicated team active in a number of research areas.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/climate-change\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/CCS-Feature-150x150.png\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Gasometer.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/CCS-Feature.png\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/climate-change\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\">Understanding carbon capture and storage<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Carbon capture and storage involves capturing carbon dioxide at emission sources, such as power stations, then transporting and storing it underground. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/climate-change\/carbon-capture-and-storage\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section  style=\"background-image:url('https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/News-events-scaled.jpg')\" id=\"latest-content-4058-block_633a8fa904857\" class=\"cards-carousel-section  basic-background-1   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Related news<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12 owl-carousel carousel-basic-2-color owl-theme carousel-js\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Geothermal_feature_Kenya_powerplant-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geothermal_feature_Kenya_powerplant\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Geothermal_feature_Kenya_powerplant.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Energy<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/\">Geothermal energy<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Geothermal energy is all energy stored in the form of heat beneath the surface of the solid earth. It is a reliable and constant source of low-carbon, renewable heat that is not dependent on weather conditions. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/what-we-do\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/P1025886-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"A bearded man in dark clothing, a hi-vis vest and blue latex gloves kneels on the ground in front of a fence. He is surrounded by sample pots containing liquids, an oil can, bottles, electrical wires and plastic boxes. He is dipping a sensor into one pot of liquid and looking at an electronic device in his hand.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/P1025886-960x640.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Energy<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/what-we-do\/\">What we do<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Active and previous research projects.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/what-we-do\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/applications\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Geothermal_map_web-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Map of the Carboniferous limestone formation with deep geothermal potential.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/03\/Geothermal_map_web.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Energy<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/applications\/\">Applications<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Geothermal energy resources occur in a broad range of geological settings. The BGS Geothermal team has experience in assessing and characterising shallow and deep geothermal resources. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/applications\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  bgs-blogs\">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/news\/underground-energy-storage-supporting-the-transition-to-net-zero-carbon-emissions\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/P575618-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Wind turbines against a twilight sky\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/08\/P575618.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>BGS blogs<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/news\/underground-energy-storage-supporting-the-transition-to-net-zero-carbon-emissions\/\">Underground energy storage: supporting the transition to net zero carbon emissions<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<p>25\/08\/2021<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Underground storage for renewable energy resources could be a viable green solution as we transition to a net zero UK. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/news\/underground-energy-storage-supporting-the-transition-to-net-zero-carbon-emissions\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/news\/safe-storage-of-hydrogen-in-porous-rocks-the-challenges-and-knowledge-gaps\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/canyonh2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"H2 storage\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/02\/canyonh2-960x639.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Research highlight<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/news\/safe-storage-of-hydrogen-in-porous-rocks-the-challenges-and-knowledge-gaps\/\">Safe storage of hydrogen in porous rocks: the challenges and knowledge gaps<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t<p>12\/02\/2021<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Increasing the amount of renewable energy that generates clean electricity will require a transition from natural gas to hydrogen and to store heat\/cool in rocks.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/news\/safe-storage-of-hydrogen-in-porous-rocks-the-challenges-and-knowledge-gaps\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/feature_ESA_satellite-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"ESA satellite\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/feature_ESA_satellite.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Hazards<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/\">Geodesy and Earth Observation<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We develop and use innovative Earth observation (EO) techniques to characterise and monitor Earth processes that impact lives and livelihoods. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomatic-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geomatic surveys\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomatic.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Hazards<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\">Ground-based &amp; near-earth geomatic surveys<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS has pioneered the use of ground-based (terrestrial) techniques for a variety of geoscientific applications since 1999.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/uk-geoenergy-observatories\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_UKGEOS-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"UKGEOS\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_UKGEOS.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Energy<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/uk-geoenergy-observatories\/\">UK Geoenergy Observatories<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>UK Geoenergy Observatories are facilitating a step change in our understanding of geology and our relationship with the underground environment.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/uk-geoenergy-observatories\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/geothermal-technologies\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/geothermal-technologies-feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geothermal energy technologies. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/07\/geothermal-technologies-feature.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Energy<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/geothermal-technologies\/\">Geothermal technologies<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Geothermal energy is available across the UK in different geological settings. It can be used to produce thermal (and in some places electrical) energy for a wide range of uses.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geothermal-energy\/geothermal-technologies\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/energy-storage\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_energy_storage-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Halite\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_energy_storage.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div>Energy<\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/energy-storage\/\">Energy storage<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS has a sustained track record of energy storage research, which will underpin future laboratory, field and GIS-based activities and commissions. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/energy-storage\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>BGS has a sustained track record of energy storage research, which will underpin future laboratory, field and GIS-based activities and commissions. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":45337,"parent":0,"menu_order":27,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"9939,21654,16673,7336,32983,15877","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[1086,1600,1607,1342],"region":[8,116],"topic":[20,23],"purpose":[],"area":[15],"challenge":[50],"challenge_topic":[134,133],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - 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