{"id":25246,"date":"2019-12-19T12:10:28","date_gmt":"2020-04-05T12:03:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=25246"},"modified":"2023-03-30T08:04:38","modified_gmt":"2023-03-30T08:04:38","slug":"3d-geology-of-singapore","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/3d-geology-of-singapore\/","title":{"rendered":"The geology of Singapore"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>The geology of Singapore<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/3d-geology-of-singapore\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=The%20geology%20of%20Singapore&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/3d-geology-of-singapore\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/3d-geology-of-singapore\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=The%20geology%20of%20Singapore&#038;body=The%20BGS%20has%20been%20working%20with%20the%20BCA%20on%20a%20range%20of%20projects%20to%20improve%20the%20knowledge%20of%20Singapore\u2019s%20subsurface%20geology.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/3d-geology-of-singapore\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/3d-geology-of-singapore\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Since its independence in 1965, Singapore has seen unprecedented economic and social growth and is now considered a world leader in education, finance, healthcare, logistics, electronic manufacturing and petroleum refinery. This has been accompanied by physical growth through land reclamation, resulting in a 25 per cent increase in landmass since 1984 and a projected further increase of five per cent by 2030. <\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/imageedit_1_8960082605-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;The downtown core skyline, viewed from Marina Bay. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_50695\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/imageedit_1_8960082605-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Downtown Singapore Skyline\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/imageedit_1_8960082605-1.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>The downtown core skyline, viewed from Marina Bay. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/imageedit_1_8960082605-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;The downtown core skyline, viewed from Marina Bay. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_50695\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>This rapid growth, coupled with the increasing cost of land reclamation and a desire to be a &#8216;garden city&#8217;, has resulted in competing land-use requirements at the surface. As a consequence, Singapore now looks to the subsurface to meet many of its future development needs. A comprehensive understanding of the geology has therefore become critical to Singapore\u2019s continued prosperity and future development.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For the past decade, BGS has been working with the Geological and Geospatial Department of Singapore&#8217;s Building and Construction Agency (BCA) and Nanyang Technological University (NTU) on a range of projects, with the overall objective of improving the knowledge of Singapore\u2019s subsurface geology. Activities within these projects have been very varied, and include: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li>desk study and literature review <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>detailed core logging and fieldwork<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>laboratory testing<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>3D geological modelling<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>seismic processing and interpretation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>expert third-party review<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>training and knowledge exchange <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Singapore-fieldwork-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;BGS and BCA staff engaged on geological fieldwork on the island of Tekukor, Singapore. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90710\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Singapore-fieldwork-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Fieldwork on the island of Tekukor, Singapore\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Singapore-fieldwork-1-960x501.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>BGS and BCA staff engaged on geological fieldwork on the island of Tekukor, Singapore. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Singapore-fieldwork-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;BGS and BCA staff engaged on geological fieldwork on the island of Tekukor, Singapore. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90710\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>These projects have delivered a substantially revised and up-to-date interpretation of the geology, including a new International Commission on Stratigraphy-compliant stratigraphy and structural framework. This work is presented in a series of peer-reviewed journal articles and a 3D geological model of Singapore. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>This revised understanding of the geology of has important implications for current and future urban development. The additional complexity identified within the bedrock and superficial geology means that highly variable ground-conditions should be anticipated horizontally and vertically at all scales, and in all geological units. However, a better understanding of possible geometrical arrangements of geological units will also allow for better prediction of the nature and distribution of lithologies, discontinuities, alteration, and groundwater, and therefore of the properties in the subsurface and the potential for geological hazards and resources. Application of this new geological understanding to the engineering of buildings and infrastructure, at all stages of urban development, will result in an overall reduction of both risk and cost.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Untitled-design-4-1-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Participants from local industry, government and academia on a BGS knowledge exchange workshop. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_54525\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Untitled-design-4-1-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Singapore workshop\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Untitled-design-4-1-1-960x497.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Participants from local industry, government and academia on a BGS knowledge exchange workshop. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/Untitled-design-4-1-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Participants from local industry, government and academia on a BGS knowledge exchange workshop. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_54525\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>To facilitate the adoption of the new stratigraphy, BCA commissioned BGS to produce a digital map and memoir for Singapore. These publications are accompanied by a Practitioner\u2019s Guide specifically to assist those working in the civil engineering industry with the identification of geological features of interest and interpretation of stratigraphical units.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>The new lithostratigraphical framework for Singapore<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/form.gov.sg\/6107a2b7c91529001290be54\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Purchase the Singapore Geological Map and Memoir directly from BCA<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/the-new-lithostratigraphical-framework-for-singapore\/\">Download the new lithostratigraphical framework for Singapore<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/the-new-lithodemic-framework-for-singapore\/\">Download the new lithodemic framework for Singapore<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key papers<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>BCA. 2021. Singapore Geology (2021): memoir of the bedrock, superficial and engineering geology. (Singapore: Building and Construction Authority.)<\/p>\n<p>BCA. 2021. Singapore Geology (2021): interactive 1:50 000 scale map. (Singapore: Building and Construction Authority.)<\/p>\n<p>BCA. 2021. Singapore Geology (2021): practitioner\u2019s guide to the bedrock geology. (Singapore: Building and Construction Authority.)<\/p>\n<p>Chua, S, Switzer, A D, Kearsey, T I, Bird, M I, Rowe, C, Chiam, K and Horton, B P. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2020.104430\">A new Quaternary stratigraphy of the Kallang River Basin, Singapore: implications for urban development and geotechnical engineering in Singapore<\/a>. <em>Journal of Asian Earth Sciences,<\/em> Vol. 200, 104430. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2020.104430<\/p>\n<p>Dodd, T J H, Gillespie, M R, Leslie, A G, Kearsey, T I, Kendall, R S, Bide, T P, Dobbs, M R, Millar, I L, Lee, M K W, Chiam, K, and Goay, M. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2019.103878\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Paleozoic to Cenozoic sedimentary bedrock geology and lithostratigraphy of Singapore<\/a>. <em>Journal of Asian Earth Sciences<\/em>, Vol. 180, 103878. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2019.103878<\/p>\n<p>Dodd, T J, Leslie, A G, Gillespie, M R, Dobbs, M R, Bide, T P, Kendall, R S, Kearsey, T I, Chiam, K, and Goay, M. 2020. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2020.104371\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep to shallow-marine sedimentology and impact of volcanism within the Middle Triassic Palaeo-Tethyan Semantan Basin, Singapore<\/a>. <em>Journal of Asian Earth Sciences<\/em>, Vol. 196, 104371. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2020.104371<\/p>\n<p>Gillespie, M R, Kendall, R S, Leslie, A G, Millar, I L, Dodd, T J H, Kearsey, T I, Bide, T P, Goodenough, K M, Dobbs, M R, Lee, M K W, and Chiam, K. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2019.103940\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The igneous rocks of Singapore: new insights to Palaeozoic and Mesozoic assembly of the Sukhothai Arc<\/a>. J<em>ournal of Asian Earth Sciences<\/em>, Vol. 183, 103940. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2019.103940<\/p>\n<p>Leslie, A G, Dodd, T J H, Gillespie, M R, Kendall, R S, Bide, T P, Kearsey, T I, Dobbs, M R, Lee, M K W, and Chiam, K. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2019.103890\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ductile and brittle deformation in Singapore: a record of Mesozoic orogeny and amalgamation in Sundaland, and of post-orogenic faulting<\/a>. <em>Journal of Asian Earth Sciences<\/em>, Vol. 181, 103890. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jseaes.2019.103890<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sky-background-d \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Need more information?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<div>For more information please contact Marcus Dobbs<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/dobbs-marcus\/\"  class=\"button primary-background button btn-icon-arrow-right-white before \">Get in touch<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-8458-block_cdc06c8d4803b1ce29081900e586eec4\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/urban-geoscience\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_urban_pexels_373893-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Cityscape by Burst\/Pexels\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_urban_pexels_373893.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/urban-geoscience\/\">Urban geoscience<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS urban geoscience research group provides solutions for urban land-use planning and sustainable development.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/urban-geoscience\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/feature_RP2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"feature_RP2\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/feature_RP2.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/\">Resilience of Asian cities<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our research aims to improve city resilience by integrating geology into urban subsurface planning and urban-catchment science in India and south-east Asia<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/resilience-of-asian-cities\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The BGS has been working with the BCA on a range of projects to improve the knowledge of Singapore\u2019s subsurface geology.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":26903,"parent":0,"menu_order":30,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"21316,1925,17122,7260,8419,37510","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":""},"tags":[],"region":[12,9],"topic":[26,21,23],"purpose":[],"area":[17],"challenge":[49],"challenge_topic":[118,136],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.3 - 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