{"id":24293,"date":"2020-03-30T12:45:09","date_gmt":"2020-03-30T12:45:09","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=24293"},"modified":"2020-07-14T09:04:50","modified_gmt":"2020-07-14T09:04:50","slug":"scour","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/","title":{"rendered":"Scour"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Scour<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research &mdash; hazard and resilience modelling<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Scour&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Scour&#038;body=River%20scour%20can%20occur%20when%20the%20forces%20imposed%20by%20the%20flow%20on%20a%20sediment%20particle%20exceed%20the%20stabilising%20forces%20acting%20upon%20it.%20This%20project%20will%20provide%20a%20tool%20that%20helps%20stakeholders%20make%20business%20decisions%20about%20survey,%20remediation%20and%20maintenance%20of%20in-river%20structures,%20with%20the%20aim%20of%20filling%20the%20gap%20in%20current%20scour%20modelling%20by%20providing%20a%20combined%20geological%20and%20hydrological%20assessment%20tool%20using%20site-specific%20case%20studies%20to%20build%20and%20validate%20a%20national%20to%20local-scale%20nested%20model.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>The removal of sediment or engineered materials from the bed or banks of a watercourse is known as &#8216;river scour&#8217; and can occur when the forces imposed by the flow on a sediment particle exceed the stabilising forces (Kirby et al., 2015; Highways Agency, 2006). It is most intense at points where there is a focusing of flow at channel constrictions (e.g. bridges), where impacts occur (e.g. to bridge piers) (May et al., 2002) or where the local geology exhibits changes in properties.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/PH101_048-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Non-cohesive alluvial material in river beds can be easily eroded. Copyright \u00a9 Dex Image PTE.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/PH101_048.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Non-cohesive alluvial material in river beds can be easily eroded. \u00a9 Dex Image PTE.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The effects of scour<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This issue was especially highlighted during recent winter storms when a number of significant events triggered scouring and subsequent river-bank collapse, along with bridge failures through loss of foundations. This caused disruption, damage and losses of hundreds of thousands of pounds as work was undertaken to assess and remediate each incident.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"http:\/\/www.dailyrecord.co.uk\/news\/scottish-news\/watch-battle-save-abergeldie-castle-7127364#gewHqBsrlKGeo5hs.97;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Abergeldie Castle<\/a>, on the banks of the River Dee in Aberdeenshire, was threatened with collapse into the river in January 2016. Remedial works have now been undertaken. Along the same river, a number of bridge collapses have also been remediated.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Further south, sections of <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"http:\/\/www.bbc.co.uk\/news\/uk-england-york-north-yorkshire-35226240\" target=\"_blank\">Tadcaster Bridge<\/a> in North  Yorkshire collapsed into the River Wharf during the late evening of 29 December 2015. This Grade II listed bridge, under advisory designation by Historic England, was seriously damaged by scour of a bridge pier and was estimated to cost \u00a33&nbsp;million to repair.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Project aim <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The BGS aims to convert geological knowledge, data and previous research of scour, as well as an understanding of consumer needs, into a user-focused decision-support tool that helps stakeholders make business decisions about survey, remediation and maintenance of in-river structures. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Approach <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The BGS will provide a national-scale scour susceptibility model for Great Britain using a nested framework model to determine a three-tiered data provision, allowing increasing levels of understanding at different resolutions from catchment to local (channel\/reach) scales.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A national-scale scour risk map at catchment and subcatchment scale will be created to allow users to identify:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>catchments with higher erosion activity due to landscape evolution<\/li><li>subcatchments with a higher risk of scour due to river flow regimes, underlying geological factors and catchment size (ability to shed\/retain water)<\/li><li>specific sections of river at high risk of scour (present day) as well as map future scour zones and potential direction of river channel movement<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The project is designed in such a way that the outputs will be of national scope and applicable at local scale. It includes all rivers shown in the Ordnance Survey&#8217;s <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk\/business-government\/products\/open-map-rivers\" target=\"_blank\">Open Rivers<\/a> dataset, and all catchments in the Environment Agency&#8217;s open data (Water Framework Directive river bodies data). <\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2019-05-15-Sentinel-2A-L2A-6-11-2-ouse-960x519.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"River ouse satellite image from Sentinal data\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>River Ouse satellite image, from Sentinel satellite data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2019-05-15-Sentinel-2A-L2A6-11-3clitheroe--960x519.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Clitheroe satellite image from Sentinal data\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Clitheroe satellite image, from Sentinel satellite data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/2019-06-27-Sentinel-2A-L1C-6-11-2-cockermouth-960x519.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Cockermouth satellite image from Sentinal data\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Cockermouth satellite image, from Sentinel satellite data.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Impact <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>This tool will allow users to make better-informed decisions and provide more specific advice to decision makers in terms of recommended investigations, monitoring, mitigation or resilience planning. It will make the advisory process more proactive rather than the current reactive approaches often taken, potentially reducing asset damage or failure events, thereby saving the economy rebuild, diversion and disruption costs.<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">References<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Highways Agency. 2006. <a href=\"http:\/\/www.standardsforhighways.co.uk\/ha\/standards\/dmrb\/vol3\/section4\/ba7406.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Assessment of scour at highway bridges<\/a>. Part 21 BA 74\/06 in <em>Design manual for roads and bridges volume 3 highway structures: inspection and maintenance assessment<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Historic England. 2016. <a href=\"http:\/\/research.historicengland.org.uk\/redirect.aspx?id=6583%7C%20Tadcaster%20Bridge,%20Tadcaster,%20North%20Yorkshire:%20Assessment%20of%20Significance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Tadcaster Bridge, Tadcaster, North Yorkshire: assessment of significance<\/a> 11 MB pdf. <em>Historic England Research Report Series<\/em> RR27\u20132016.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Kirby, A M, Roca, M, Kitchen, A, Escarameia, M, and Chesterton, O J. 2015. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ciria.org\/Resources\/Free_publications\/manual_on_scour.aspx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Manual on scour at bridges and other hydraulic structures<\/a>. Second edition. CIRIA C742, RP987.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>May, R W P, Ackers, J C, and Kirby, A M. 2002. <a href=\"http:\/\/umusebo.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2012\/07\/manual-on-scour-at-bridge-&amp;-other-hydraulic-structures-ciria.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Manual on scour at bridges and other hydraulic structures<\/a>. CIRIA C551.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>If you want to discover more then please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/lee-kathryn\/\">Katy Lee<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-5431-block_5efafa4284b52\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/iStock-586087414_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Little plant in dried cracked mud against a background of city skyline. Photo credit amphotora.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/iStock-586087414_feature.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/\">Hazard and resilience modelling<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The hazard and resilience modelling team aims to develop new and innovative data products that deliver geoscientific information to a range of users in an accessible form.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>River scour can occur when the forces imposed by the flow on a sediment particle exceed the stabilising forces acting upon it. This project will provide a tool that helps stakeholders make business decisions about survey, remediation and maintenance of in-river structures, with the aim of filling the gap in current scour modelling by providing a combined geological and hydrological assessment tool using site-specific case studies to build and validate a national to local-scale nested model.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":38086,"parent":24219,"menu_order":3,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"11341,8486,8459,17424,8334,7818","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"region":[],"topic":[],"purpose":[],"area":[],"challenge":[],"challenge_topic":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Scour - British Geological Survey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"River scour can occur when the forces imposed by the flow on a sediment particle exceed the stabilising forces acting upon it. This project will provide a tool that helps stakeholders make business decisions about survey, remediation and maintenance of in-river structures, with the aim of filling the gap in current scour modelling by providing a combined geological and hydrological assessment tool using site-specific case studies to build and validate a national to local-scale nested model.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Scour - British Geological Survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"River scour can occur when the forces imposed by the flow on a sediment particle exceed the stabilising forces acting upon it. This project will provide a tool that helps stakeholders make business decisions about survey, remediation and maintenance of in-river structures, with the aim of filling the gap in current scour modelling by providing a combined geological and hydrological assessment tool using site-specific case studies to build and validate a national to local-scale nested model.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"British Geological Survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2020-07-14T09:04:50+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Non_cohesive_alluvial_material_copyright_Dex_Image_PTE_feature.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"430\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"3 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/\",\"name\":\"Scour - British Geological Survey\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/hazard-and-resilience-modelling\/scour\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Non_cohesive_alluvial_material_copyright_Dex_Image_PTE_feature.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2020-03-30T12:45:09+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2020-07-14T09:04:50+00:00\",\"description\":\"River scour can occur when the forces imposed by the flow on a sediment particle exceed the stabilising forces acting upon it. 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