{"id":11667,"date":"2020-05-26T10:10:00","date_gmt":"2020-05-26T10:10:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=research_project&#038;p=11667"},"modified":"2021-07-22T06:47:07","modified_gmt":"2021-07-22T06:47:07","slug":"geomatic-surveys","status":"publish","type":"research_project","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/","title":{"rendered":"Ground-based &amp; near-earth geomatic surveys"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Ground-based &amp; near-earth geomatic surveys<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Research<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Ground-based%20&#038;%20near-earth%20geomatic%20surveys&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Ground-based%20&#038;%20near-earth%20geomatic%20surveys&#038;body=The%20BGS%20has%20pioneered%20the%20use%20of%20ground-based%20(terrestrial)%20techniques%20for%20a%20variety%20of%20geoscientific%20applications%20since%201999.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_banner-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur hero-img\" alt=\"Ground-based geomatic surveys\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_banner.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Geomatics is the discipline of electronically gathering, storing, processing and delivering spatially related digital information. This broad term applies to both science and technology, and integrates the more specific disciplines and technologies of geodesy, surveying, mapping, positioning, navigation, cartography, remote sensing, photogrammetry and geographic information systems.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The BGS has pioneered the use of ground-based (terrestrial) and near-earth techniques for a variety of geoscientific applications since 1999. These have been used on a variety of projects such as the monitoring of actively growing volcanic lava domes and rapidly retreating glaciers, coastal erosion and platform evolution, inland and coastal landslide modelling, mapping of geological structures and fault boundaries, rock stability and subsidence feature analysis, creation of surrogate outcrop models for oil field reservoir rocks, and even geo-conservation projects, such as archiving and analysis of important outcrops, quarries and other temporary exposures. In fact, the BGS have carried out over 300 surveys at more than 150 sites, both in the UK and overseas. <\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t<blockquote id=\"quote-4550-block_5e39af428d640\" class=\"quote  \" >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quote-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/quote-caption.svg\" alt=\"Speech marks icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quote-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>As a tool of modern geoscience, the use of TLS allows unprecedented resolution and accuracy.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Quick links<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><a href=\"#lidar\">Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#uas\">Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#mobile\">Mobile Mapping Solution<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#tracking\">Tracking glaciers\u2019 retreat<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#monitoring\">Monitoring shifting coastlines<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#measuring\">Measuring active volcanos<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#casestudies\">Case studies &amp; downloadable reports<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#tls\">TLS locations<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"#publications\">Publications<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_LiDAR.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 1 &#8211; Basic terrestrial LiDAR scanning technique. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_LiDAR-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"LiDAR scanning technique\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Image 1 &#8211; Basic terrestrial LiDAR scanning technique. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_LiDAR.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 1 &#8211; Basic terrestrial LiDAR scanning technique. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_3D_model.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 3 &#8211; 3D virtual outcrop model (VOM) of a quarry, created from coloured point clouds and triangulated surfaces. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_3D_model-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"3D virtual outcrop model\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Image 3 &#8211; 3D virtual outcrop model (VOM) of a quarry, created from coloured point clouds and triangulated surfaces. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_3D_model.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 3 &#8211; 3D virtual outcrop model (VOM) of a quarry, created from coloured point clouds and triangulated surfaces. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_SPS_Iceland.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 4 &#8211; Installation of on-ice satellite positioning system. Virkisj\u00f6kull, Iceland. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_SPS_Iceland.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Installation of on-ice satellite positioning system\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Image 4 &#8211; Installation of on-ice satellite positioning system. Virkisj\u00f6kull, Iceland. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_SPS_Iceland.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 4 &#8211; Installation of on-ice satellite positioning system. Virkisj\u00f6kull, Iceland. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Pegasus_backpack.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 5 \u2013 Pegasus Backpack survey at Hollin Hill, Yorkshire. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Pegasus_backpack-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"BGS Pegasus backback\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Image 5 \u2013 Pegasus Backpack survey at Hollin Hill, Yorkshire. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Pegasus_backpack.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 5 \u2013 Pegasus Backpack survey at Hollin Hill, Yorkshire. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_glacier_monitoring_Iceland.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 6 \u2013 Surveying set-up deployed on the glacial foreland, Fallj\u00f6kull, Iceland. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_glacier_monitoring_Iceland-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Surveying glacial foreland, Iceland\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Image 6 \u2013 Surveying set-up deployed on the glacial foreland, Fallj\u00f6kull, Iceland. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_glacier_monitoring_Iceland.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 6 \u2013 Surveying set-up deployed on the glacial foreland, Fallj\u00f6kull, Iceland. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Aldbrough_landslide_slumps.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 7 \u2013 Multiple landslide slumps and embayment development. Aldbrough, North Yorkshire. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Aldbrough_landslide_slumps-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Landslide slumps, Aldbrough\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Image 7 \u2013 Multiple landslide slumps and embayment development. Aldbrough, North Yorkshire. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Aldbrough_landslide_slumps.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 7 \u2013 Multiple landslide slumps and embayment development. Aldbrough, North Yorkshire. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Monserrat_lava_dome.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 8 \u2013 Terrestrial LiDAR scanning of the lava dome. Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Monserrat_lava_dome-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Terrestrial LiDAR scanning\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Image 8 \u2013 Terrestrial LiDAR scanning of the lava dome. Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Monserrat_lava_dome.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 8 \u2013 Terrestrial LiDAR scanning of the lava dome. Soufriere Hills Volcano, Montserrat. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/UnmannedAerialVehiclesSensors.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 9 \u2013 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and sensors. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/UnmannedAerialVehiclesSensors.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and sensors.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Image 9 \u2013 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and sensors. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/07\/UnmannedAerialVehiclesSensors.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Image 9 \u2013 Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV) and sensors. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;&nbsp;&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53473\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"lidar\"><strong>Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The BGS uses Riegl and Faro terrestrial LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) scanners because of their flexibility, range and portability. We have a very long-range scanner that can make measurements at distances of over 2000 m, a medium-range scanner that can make accurate measurements at distances of up to 800 m and a high-speed short-range (300 m) scanner that can take measurements at a rate of 972000 points\/second with an accuracy of \u00b13 mm. Our newest model is the Riegl VZ-1000, which can scan up to 1400 m, with an accuracy of \u00b1 8mm and a measurement rate of 62000 points\/second. A high-resolution digital camera coupled with a Leica GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) enables coloured point-clouds, textured triangulated surfaces or orthophotos, with intensity and depth information, to be captured, accurately geo-referenced and processed. Modern Terrestrial LiDAR Scanners (TLS) have significantly increased the level of resolution and accuracy achievable, and the speed of data acquisition. The ability to capture and measure changes in geological features with time by repeat surveys has revolutionised ground-based geomatic research.In fact, we have carried out over 300 surveys at more than 150 sites, both in the UK and overseas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"uas\"><strong>Unmanned Aerial Systems (UAS)<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Structure from motion photogrammetry (SfM) has emerged as an alternative viable technology, whether deployed on an unmanned aerial system (UAS) or otherwise. It is lighter, more compact, cheaper to buy and repair, and has lower power requirements than TLS. The BGS has six multi-rotor UAS, which it uses to collect data for ground surface and geological investigations. UAS are becoming increasingly common for civilian use, with the Chinese manufacturer DJI and the US company Parrot dominating the market. They are used in such fields as:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>geology<\/li><li>geomorphology<\/li><li>surveillance<\/li><li>film making<\/li><li>scientific research<\/li><li>surveying<\/li><li>disaster relief<\/li><li>law enforcement<\/li><li>archaeology<\/li><li>forestry and agriculture<\/li><li>recreation<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The BGS, like many other organizations, are able to utilise the usability and portability of these aircraft to create photogrammetric images and point clouds using SfM techniques, at a fraction of the cost of using a system mounted on an airplane. The resultant data, though not as accurate as that obtained from TLS, should still be considered more than adequate for most uses, and gives the ability to create both 2D and 3D full colour models.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>BGS use drones to gain a perspective of the Earth that is simply not possible with instruments that are based on the ground. For more information please see our <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/drone-research\/\">Drone Research<\/a> page.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"mobile\"><strong>Mobile Mapping Solution<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The BGS has become one of the first companies in the UK to purchase the Leica Pegasus Backpack, a wearable reality-capture sensor platform. The backpack combines five 4 MP cameras, offering a fully calibrated 360\u00b0 x 200\u00b0 view, with two 16-channel LiDAR profilers, capable of scanning 600000 points\/second at a range of 50 m, and a triple band GNSS and Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU), capable of a positional accuracy of 20 mm, in an ultra-light carbon fibre chassis weighing 13 kg. The Pegasus Backpack offers great speed and portability advantages over existing terrestrial lidar systems, which can weigh in excess of 30 kg and are extremely bulky to carry, enabling the BGS to carry out 3D mapping of long coastal (or inland) sections, landslides and other unstable surfaces, ice sheets and glaciers, railway lines, roads and other linear features. The BGS can carry out Building Information Modelling (BIM) using both imagery and point cloud data to document outdoor, indoor and even underground areas. Disaster responders will be able to capture data in 3D, on foot, in danger zone areas. SLAM (Simultaneous Localisation and Mapping) technology and a high precision IMU ensure the achievement of accurate positioning even during GNSS outages, and with the addition of the external light-source, precise scanning of tunnels and cave systems is possible. The backpack can also be vehicle mounted, for mobile mapping, or pole mounted, for lowering into voids or sinkholes. This system allows for faster capture of critical data, leading to better-informed decisions, on site if necessary.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tracking\"><strong>Tracking glaciers\u2019 retreat<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>By using a combination of repeat TLS surveys, on-ice based GNSS and Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) we have been able to see the full picture of glacial retreat for the first time. This work has shown that the margin of the Fallj\u00f6kull glacier, in south-east Iceland, has ceased moving and is now undergoing stagnation. However, field and photographic evidence shows that the icefall remains active, feeding ice from the accumulation zone on \u00d6raefaj\u00f6kull to the lower reaches of the glacier. To accommodate this continued forward motion, the upper section of the glacier below the icefall is undergoing intense deformation (folding and thrusting) and, as a result, is being thrust over the lower, immobile section of Fallj\u00f6kull. This type of behavior has never been described before and could have implications for how other steep, mountain glaciers around the world are responding to changes in the climate. Because of this Fallj\u00f6kull glacier has been called the \u2018zombie\u2019 glacier.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"monitoring\"><strong>Monitoring shifting coastlines<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>We use our laser systems to monitor actively eroding sections of coast around England. The techniques we have developed are ideal for this application as TLS is particularly suited to measuring vertical cliff sections. Measurements from a plane or satellite measure only the top edge of the cliff, whilst measuring them in the field is often very dangerous. Our technique enables the measurement of changes in the whole cliff section, (from a safe distance) that can be used to model how internal processes within the cliff slope affect coastal erosion. Our work at Aldbrough, in North Yorkshire, has shown that the cliff is disappearing at a rate of 3m a year; this erosion is caused by both landslides and the direct action of the sea crashing against it.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"measuring\"><strong>Measuring active volcanos<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>There can be few more hazardous situations than that of monitoring a volcanic andesite lava dome for signs of an impending collapse. Partial collapse of a lava dome generates hot, fast-moving pyroclastic density currents. Monitoring in such circumstances requires that measurements are taken from a distance that minimises the threat from eruption and from asphyxiation by volcanic gases. The method also needs to be rapid to minimise the time spent by the monitoring team in the hazardous zone. We have used TLS techniques to monitor the growth of the lava dome on the Soufri\u00e8re Hills Volcano, on the Caribbean island of Montserrat. In May 2006, our measurements helped to identify the changes in lava dome growth rate that directly preceded a total lava dome collapse.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"casestudies\"><strong>Case studies &amp; downloadable reports<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Here five case studies utilising various different pieces of ground-based geomatic equipment, and their applications are presented:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/ground-based-geomatic-surveys-case-studies\/\">Aldborough, Yorkshire<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/hellfire-caves-case-study\/\">Hellfire Caves, High Wycombe<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/hollin-hill-case-study\/\">Hollin Hill, Yorkshire<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/permian-sandstone-case-study\/\">Permian sandstone<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/virkisjokull-ice-observatory-case-study\/\">Virkisj\u00f6kull Glacier Observatory, Iceland<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"tls\"><strong>TLS locations<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Terrestrial LiDAR Scanning has been carried out on over 170 different sites, both in the UK and overseas. You can download more information about the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/terrestrial-lidar-scanning-locations\/\">TLS locations<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"publications\"><strong>Publications<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Key references<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Everest, J, Bradwell, T, Jones, L, and Hughes, L. 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1080\/17445647.2017.1407272\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The geomorphology of Sv\u00ednafellsj\u00f6kull and Virkisj\u00f6kull-Fallj\u00f6kull, south-east Iceland: a land system of rapid glacial retreat<\/a>. <em>Journal of Maps<\/em>, Vol. 13(2), 936\u2013945.<\/p>\n<p>Gibson, A D, Forster, A, Poulton, C V L, Rowlands, K A, Jones, L D, Hobbs, P R N, and Whitworth, M C Z. 2003. An integrated method for terrestrial laser scanning subtle landslide features and their geomorphological setting. <em>Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Scales and Dynamics, 10-12 September 2003, University of Nottingham<\/em>. (Remote Sensing ane Photogrammetry Society (RSPSoc).)<\/p>\n<p>Glendell, M, McShane, G, Farrow, L, James, M\u00a0 R, Quinton, J, Anderson, K, Evans, M, Benaud, P, Rawlins, B, Morgan, D, Jones, L D, Kirkham, M, Debell, L, Quine, T A, Lark, M, Rickson, J, and Brazier, R. E. 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp.4142\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Testing the utility of structure from motion photogrammetry reconstructions using small unmanned aerial vehicles and ground photography to estimate the extent of upland soil erosion<\/a>. <em>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms<\/em> Vol. 42(12), 1860\u20131871.<\/p>\n<p>Hobbs, P R N, Jones, L D, Kirkham, M P, Holyoake, S J, Pennington, C V L, Dashwood, C, Banks, V J, and Reeves, H J. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/qjegh2018-209\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Establishment of a coastal landslide observatory at Aldbrough, East Riding of Yorkshire, UK<\/a>. <em>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology<\/em>, Vol. 53, 88\u2013100.<\/p>\n<p>Hobbs, P R N, Jones, L D, Kirkham, M P, Pennington, C V L, Morgan, D J R, and Dashwood, C. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/qjegh2018-210\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Coastal landslide monitoring at Aldbrough, East Riding of Yorkshire, UK<\/a>. <em>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology<\/em>, Vol. 53, 101\u2013116.<\/p>\n<p>Hobbs, P, Gibson, A, Jones, L, Poulton, C, Jenkins, G, Pearson, S, and Freeborough, K. 2010. Monitoring coastal change using terrestrial LiDAR. 117\u2013127 in: <em>Elevation Models for Geoscience<\/em>. Fleming, C, Marsh, S, and Giles, J (editors). Geological Society of London Special Publications 345. (London: Geological Society.)<\/p>\n<p>Hobbs, P R N, Humphreys, B, Rees, J G, Jones, L D, Gibson, A, Rowlands, K, Hunter, G, and Airey, R. 2002. Monitoring the role of landslides in \u2018soft cliff\u2019 coastal recession. In: <em>Proceedings of an International Conference on Instability, Planning and Management, Ventnor, Isle of Wight, UK<\/em>, 589\u2013600. (Thomas Telford: London.)<\/p>\n<p>Jones, L D. 2014. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/508817\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measuring our changing Earth<\/a>. <em>Planet Earth<\/em>, Autumn, 28\u201329.<\/p>\n<p>Jones, L.D. 2007. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/4138\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The application of terrestrial LiDAR to volcano monitoring \u2013 an example from the Montserrat Volcano Observatory<\/a>. <em>Civil Engineering Surveyor<\/em>, November 2007, 21\u201323. (UK: SURCO Ltd.)<\/p>\n<p>Jones, L.D. 2006. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/1470-9236\/06-009\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Monitoring landslides in hazardous terrain using terrestrial LiDAR: an example from Montserrat<\/a>. Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology. Vol. 39, 371\u2013373.<\/p>\n<p>Loughlin, S C, Luckett, R, Ryan, G, Christopher, T, Hards, V, De Angelis, S, Jones, L, and Strutt, M. 2010.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2010GL042547\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An overview of lava dome evolution, dome collapse and cyclicity at Soufri\u00e8re Hills volcano, Montserrat, 2005\u20132007<\/a>. <em>Geophysical Research Letters<\/em>, Vol. 37(19), L00E16.<\/p>\n<p>\u00d3 Dochartaigh, B, E, MacDonald, A M, Black, A R, Everest, J, Wilson, P, Darling, W G, Jones, L, and Raines, M. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.5194\/hess-23-4527-2019\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Groundwater\u2013glacier meltwater interaction in proglacial aquifers amid rapid glacier retreat.<\/a> <em>Hydrology and Earth System Sciences<\/em>, Vol. 23, 4527\u20134539.<\/p>\n<p>Phillips, E, Everest, J, Evans, D J, Finlayson, A, Ewertowski, M, Guild, A, and Jones, L D. 2017. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp.4145\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Concentrated, &#8216;pulsed&#8217; axial glacier flow: structural glaciological evidence from Kv\u00ed\u00e1rj\u00f6kull in SE Iceland<\/a>. <em>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms<\/em>, Vol. 42(13), 1901\u20131922.<\/p>\n<p>Philips, E, Finlayson, A, Bradwell, T, Everest, J, and Jones, L. 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/2014JF003165\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Structural evolution triggers a dynamic reduction in active glacier length during rapid retreat: evidence from Fallj\u00f6kull, SE Iceland<\/a>. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface<\/em>, Vol. 119(10), \u00a02194\u20132208.<\/p>\n<p>Philips, E, Finlayson, A, and Jones, L. 2013. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jgrf.20116\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fracturing, block faulting and moulin development associated with progressive collapse and retreat of a maritime glacier: Fallj\u00f6kull, SE Iceland<\/a>. <em>Journal of Geophysical Research: Earth Surface<\/em>, Vol. 118(3), 1545\u20131561.<\/p>\n<p>Poulton, C V L, Lee, J R, Jones, L D, Hobbs, P R N, and Hall, M. 2006. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/214\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Preliminary investigation into monitoring coastal erosion using terrestrial laser scanning: case study and geological assessment at Happisburgh, Norfolk, UK<\/a>. <em>Bulletin of the Geological Society of Norfolk<\/em>, No. 56, 45\u201364.<\/p>\n<p>Rowlands, K A, Jones, L D, and Whitworth M. 2003. Landslide laser scanning: a new look at an old problem. <em>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology,<\/em> Vol. 36, 155\u2013157.<\/p>\n<p>Rumson, A G, Hallett, S H, and Brewer, T R. 2019. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.ocecoaman.2019.104875\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The application of data innovations to geomorphological impact analyses in coastal areas: an East Anglia, UK, case study<\/a>. <em>Ocean &amp; Coastal Management,<\/em> Vol. 181, 104875.<\/p>\n<p>Ryan, G, Loughlin, S C, James, M, Jones, L, Calder, E, Christopher, T, Strutt, M, and Wadge, G. 2010. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1029\/2009GL041477\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Growth of the lava dome and extrusion rates at Soufri\u00e8re Hills volcano, Montserrat, West Indies: 2005\u20132008<\/a>. <em>Geophysical Research Letters<\/em>, Vol. 37(19), L00E08.<\/p>\n<p>Tapete, D, Banks, V, Jones, L, Kirkham, M, and Garton, D. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.jas.2017.03.007\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Contextualising archaeological models with geological, airborne and terrestrial LiDAR data: the Ice Age landscape in Farndon Fields, Nottinghamshire, UK<\/a>. <em>Journal of Archaeological Science<\/em>,\u00a0Vol. 81, 31\u201348.<\/p>\n<div>Jones, L.D. and Hobbs, P.R.N. The Application of Terrestrial LiDAR for Geohazard Mapping, Monitoring and Modelling in the British Geological Survey. Remote Sensing. 2021, 13(3), 395; <a tabindex=\"-1\" title=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13030395\" href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13030395\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/rs13030395<\/a><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Contact<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>For further information please contact <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/jones-lee\/\">Lee Jones<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-2977-block_5e35ae5a10b01\" class=\"cards-carousel-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row \">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12 owl-carousel carousel-basic-2-color owl-theme carousel-js\">\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/ground-based-geomatic-surveys-case-studies\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/figure2_Aldbrough-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Rotational landsliding\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/figure2_Aldbrough-960x497.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/ground-based-geomatic-surveys-case-studies\/\">Aldbrough case study<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS\u2019s test site at Aldbrough is located on the extensive Holderness coast in South Yorkshire and monitoring the actively receding coastline.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/ground-based-geomatic-surveys-case-studies\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/hellfire-caves-case-study\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomatic_Hellfire-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Hellfire caves case study\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomatic_Hellfire.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/hellfire-caves-case-study\/\">Hellfire Caves case study<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In June 2014 the BGS were asked to carry out a terrestrial LiDAR survey of the Hellfire Caves; a network of man-made chalk and flint caverns, extending 500m underground.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/hellfire-caves-case-study\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/hollin-hill-case-study\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Hollin_hill_change_model-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Hollin Hill landslide change model\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geomatic_Hollin_hill_change_model-960x497.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/hollin-hill-case-study\/\">Hollin Hill case study<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The field observatory at Hollin Hill brings together a combination of our field surveying, geomorphological, geophysical, engineering and hydrogeological expertise.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/hollin-hill-case-study\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/permian-sandstone-case-study\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_geomatic_eden-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"feature_geomatic_eden\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_geomatic_eden.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/permian-sandstone-case-study\/\">Permian sandstone case study<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The main objectives of the Permian Sandstone study are to undertake discontinuity analysis using LiDAR scans and to provide high-quality 3D images for further stratigraphical study.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/permian-sandstone-case-study\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"item cards  cards-find-more  \">\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/virkisjokull-ice-observatory-case-study\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomatic_iceland-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Location of Virkisj\u00f6kull\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomatic_iceland.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<div><\/div>\n\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/virkisjokull-ice-observatory-case-study\/\">Virkisj\u00f6kull Glacier Observatory case study<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS operates an observatory site in south-east Iceland, studying the evolution of the glacier, the surrounding landscape and their responses to regional climate<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/virkisjokull-ice-observatory-case-study\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-3865-block_5eb5cd495a4ab\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/multihazards\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/feature_MHR_Marc_Szeglat_Unsplash-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Photo by Marc Szeglat on Unsplash\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/feature_MHR_Marc_Szeglat_Unsplash.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/multihazards\/\">Multi-hazards and resilience<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We work with partners worldwide to enhance understanding of hazards, vulnerability, exposure and risk to ensure our science is useful, usable and used. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/multihazards\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/feature_ESA_satellite-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"ESA satellite\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/feature_ESA_satellite.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/\">Geodesy and Earth Observation<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We develop and use innovative Earth observation (EO) techniques to characterise and monitor Earth processes that impact lives and livelihoods. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geodesy\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The BGS has pioneered the use of ground-based (terrestrial) techniques for a variety of geoscientific applications since 1999.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":12304,"parent":0,"menu_order":71,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1783,34330,7260,37440,33925,17592","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"region":[9,8,117,116],"topic":[26,33,21,32,23,25,30],"purpose":[43,37,34,35,38,44,41,47,42,48],"area":[16,17,18],"challenge":[51],"challenge_topic":[118,134,135,133,138,132,131,136,137,142,139,140,141],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Ground-based &amp; near-earth geomatic surveys - British Geological 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