{"id":26763,"date":"2020-04-16T20:44:47","date_gmt":"2020-04-16T20:44:47","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?page_id=26763"},"modified":"2021-04-13T11:49:15","modified_gmt":"2021-04-13T11:49:15","slug":"hydrothermal-laboratory","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrothermal-laboratory\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydrothermal Laboratory"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Hydrothermal Laboratory<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Science Facilities &mdash; Fluid and Rock Processes Laboratory Cluster<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrothermal-laboratory\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Hydrothermal%20Laboratory&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrothermal-laboratory\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrothermal-laboratory\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Hydrothermal%20Laboratory&#038;body=This%20laboratory%20is%20used%20to%20study%20chemical%20reactions%20between%20fluids%20and%20rocks%20under%20conditions%20found%20in%20the%20top%20few%20kilometres%20of%20the%20Earth&#039;s%20crust.%20%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrothermal-laboratory\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrothermal-laboratory\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Hydrothermal research at the BGS is carried out within the <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/containment-and-fluid-processes\/\">Fluid and Rock Processes Laboratory Cluster<\/a>. This laboratory is used to study chemical reactions between fluids and rocks under conditions found in the top few kilometres of the Earth&#8217;s crust. In more than 25 years of operation, the laboratory has been at the centre of numerous investigations that require well-controlled conditions to study reaction processes under in situ conditions (i.e. elevated temperatures and pressures) and it is probably unique in the range of very different studies that have been investigated in the laboratory.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Hydro_lab_P641012.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Assembly of a high pressure\/high temperature reaction vessel. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_54872\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Hydro_lab_P641012-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"BGS Hydrothermal Lab\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Hydro_lab_P641012-960x671.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Assembly of a high pressure\/high temperature reaction vessel. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/Hydro_lab_P641012.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Assembly of a high pressure\/high temperature reaction vessel. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_54872\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The laboratory<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Background<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The laboratory was set up at Harwell in 1979, when the UK high-level radioactive waste programme needed to understand reactions between vitrified waste and groundwater. It was dismantled in 1983 and moved to the BGS&#8217;s main site at Keyworth.<\/p>\n<p>The high-level waste programme ceased in 1981 and the laboratory was then used to study how hot granite reacted with water as part of the hot dry rock (HDR) geothermal programme in Cornwall. Knowledge gained from this facilitated study of reactions in geothermal systems in Costa Rica (1985\u201387) and and within submarine black smokers (as part of the British mid-ocean ridge (BRIDGE) initiative (1994\u201395)).<\/p>\n<p>The demise of the UK HDR programme in 1989 led to another shift in activities, studying the impacts of cement-based materials as engineered barriers for the disposal of radioactive wastes. The laboratory was a major source of information on the way in which alkaline cement porewaters react with rocks, for both UK and international programmes (1989\u20132000).<\/p>\n<p>In 1992, concern about the effect of carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2<\/sub>) on global temperatures resulted in the BGS leading an international team investigating the potential for the deep underground storage of CO<sub>2<\/sub>. Within this programme, and similar ones that continue today, the laboratory was used to study reactions between CO<sub>2<\/sub>, groundwaters and rock types that might be encountered during the deep underground storage of CO<sub>2<\/sub>. Other current activities also include weathering processes and how metals are leached from mine waste.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Capabilities<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Static (batch) and flow-through equipment are available in the laboratory, with usable volumes ranging from less than one millilitre to over ten litres. Much of the equipment can withstand high temperatures and pressures, with current standard operating conditions up to about 400\u00b0C and 500 bar.<\/p>\n<p>More extreme conditions can be simulated with with minor modifications. Although some equipment is &#8216;off the shelf&#8217;, numerous pieces are novel, having been specially developed for the laboratory. The experimental reaction products are characterised using a wide range of fluid chemical and mineralogical analytical techniques that are available within other dedicated laboratories at the BGS.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">The Big Rig<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The BGS has developed an in-house laboratory capability to carry out experiments simulating fluid\u2013rock interactions in deep geological conditions. Experiments utilise a specialised pressure vessel known as the &#8216;Big Rig&#8217;.<\/p>\n<p>Geological materials to be investigated are packed into a titanium column (100 cm long with an internal diameter of 3.6 cm), which in turn is loaded into the Big Rig. The confining pressure is maintained by a syringe pump. Reactant fluid is equilibrated in a 3\u00a0litre conditioning vessel before being displaced into the column. Fluid pressure and flow are further controlled by syringe pumps. Samples of the reactant fluid are collected from the column using a floating-piston titanium pressure sampler.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<div style=\"height:20px\" aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"wp-block-spacer\"><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Relevance to important issues<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Experiments produce data relevant to important issues of today:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>studying the high temperature alteration of borosilicate glass, an important waste-form being considered for the for disposal of high-level radioactive waste<\/li><li>investigating the reactions occurring in and around highly alkaline cement, with a view to understanding alkaline disturbed zones around repositories for the underground disposal of low to intermediate radioactive waste<\/li><li>quantifying the reactivity of CO<sub>2<\/sub>&nbsp;with rocks and its impact on long-term mineral trapping during the deep underground disposal of CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/li><li>studying reactions occurring within high-temperature geothermal systems and their potential impact on rocks and reservoir properties<\/li><li>investigating weathering processes, including the leaching of toxic metals from fly ash and mine wastes<\/li><li>quantifying the dissolution rates of a variety of minerals in order to help improve the accuracy and confidence in predictive geochemical computer models<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Carbon capture and storage research<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These are the areas of carbon capture and storage (CCS) research that this laboratory is working on.<\/p>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Subsurface storage of carbon dioxide<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The focus of our\u00a0 CCS research is on the geochemical interactions between CO<sub>2<\/sub>, groundwaters and a range of rock types at elevated temperatures (25\u2013400\u00b0C using incubators, ovens and heating jackets) and pressures that range from ambient to over 500 atmospheres.<\/p>\n<p>We have different types of pressure vessels: static &#8216;batch reactors&#8217;, mixed flow reactors and flow-through reactors. Many items of equipment have been designed by the laboratory staff and manufactured within BGS workshops.<\/p>\n<p>The hydrothermal laboratory is assessing the chemical and mineralogical changes caused by stored CO<sub>2<\/sub> on reservoir rocks (e.g. sandstones and limestones) and caprocks (e.g. clays and evaporites) and how these contribute to long-term safe storage. Reactions are tracked in various ways, including visual observations, monitoring fluid chemical changes and detailed mineralogical analysis of the reacted solids. Additionally, we can derive the fundamental data on reaction processes and rates that underpin predictive geochemical modelling of how the rocks will react on a longer timescale. This allows us to investigate the feasibility of storing CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0in this way in different formations, under different conditions.<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Carbon dioxide projects<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Projects for this laboratory include:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.ultimateco2.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Understanding the Long-Term Fate of Geologically Stored CO<sub>2<\/sub><\/a> (Ultimate CO<sub>2<\/sub>): we are studying the effects of acidic impurities (hydrogen sulphide (H<sub>2<\/sub>S), sulphur dioxide (SO<sub>2<\/sub>) and nitrogen dioxide (NO<sub>2<\/sub>)) present in the CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0upon the reservoir rock.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.eco2-project.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sub-seabed CO<sub>2<\/sub> Storage: Impact on Marine Ecosystems<\/a> (ECO<sub>2<\/sub>): we are studying the effects of CO<sub>2<\/sub> on seabed sediment.<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.co2care.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> Site Closure Assessment Research<\/a> (CO<sub>2<\/sub>CARE): we conducted experiments that studied the impact of stored CO<sub>2<\/sub> on borehole infrastructure (i.e. borehole steel and cement) and how this might impact borehole sealing and the potential for CO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0release, as well as studying the effects of acidic impurities (H<sub>2<\/sub>S, SO<sub>2<\/sub>\u00a0and NO<sub>2<\/sub>) present in the injected CO<sub>2<\/sub>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Our staff<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Hydrothermal Laboratory staff all have an academic chemical background, as well as strong practical skills. Properly understanding the processes going on in the experiments involves close collaboration between the experimental staff, analytical chemists and mineralogists, as well as collaboration with other BGS fluid processes researchers:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Gas Monitoring Facility: Helen Taylor-Curran<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/geomicrobiology-laboratory\/\">Geomicrobiology Laboratory<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/gregory-simon-2\/\">Simon Gregory<\/a>&nbsp;<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrates-and-ices-laboratory\/\">Hydrates and Ices Laboratory<\/a>: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/rochelle-christopher\/\">Chris Rochelle<\/a><\/li><li>Transport Properties Research Laboratory: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/graham-caroline-2\/\">Caroline Graham<\/a><\/li><\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sky-background-d \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Need more information?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<div>For more information, please contact the Head of the Fluid and Rock Processes Cluster &#8211; Dr Jon Harrington<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/harrington-jon\/\"  class=\"button primary-background button btn-icon-arrow-right-white before \">Get in touch<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-3097-block_5f080ffb95f09\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Geomag_feature_Pexels-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Aurora Borealis by Stein Egil Liland\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/03\/Geomag_feature_Pexels.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/\">Research<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our research includes core geological survey and monitoring work and other innovative projects addressing today\u2019s geoscientific challenges driven by the changing needs of our stakeholders.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geotechnical_RD_facility_fig2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"angled milling machine\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geotechnical_RD_facility_fig2-960x497.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/\">Science facilities<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We operate and maintain a wide range of state-of-the-art laboratories and other facilities, which underpin virtually all of our research.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomicrobiology-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geomicrobiology laboratory\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomicrobiology.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/\">Fluid and Rock Processes Laboratory Cluster<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This cluster does research to identify, measure and quantify complex geological and environmental processes essential in the efficient utilisation of natural resources and underground spaces.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>This laboratory is used to study chemical reactions between fluids and rocks under conditions found in the top few kilometres of the Earth&#8217;s crust. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":53762,"parent":10448,"menu_order":1,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"on","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"hydrothermal laboratory, laboratories, hydrothermal research, hydrothermal","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"7336,7818,8129,8486,9842,16565","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Hydrothermal Laboratory - British Geological Survey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"This laboratory is used to 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