{"id":26483,"date":"2020-04-14T19:16:26","date_gmt":"2020-04-14T19:16:26","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?page_id=26483"},"modified":"2021-06-23T13:31:42","modified_gmt":"2021-06-23T13:31:42","slug":"living-with-volcanoes","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/living-with-volcanoes\/","title":{"rendered":"Living with volcanoes"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Living with volcanoes<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Discovering Geology &mdash; Volcanoes<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/living-with-volcanoes\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Living%20with%20volcanoes&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/living-with-volcanoes\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/living-with-volcanoes\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Living%20with%20volcanoes&#038;body=It%20may%20seem%20unwise%20to%20choose%20to%20live%20with%20such%20a%20hazardous%20neighbour%20as%20a%20volcano.%20There%20are%20a%20number%20of%20reasons%20why%20people%20live%20alongside%20volcanoes.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/living-with-volcanoes\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/living-with-volcanoes\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Volcanic eruptions are often dramatic events that attract attention, sometimes on a global stage. Out of curiosity and awe, we are often drawn to volcanic landscapes to view the incredible power of nature first hand.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/alexander-schimmeck-O8JJ72b4a1Y-unsplash-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Popocat\u00e9petl is an active stratovolcano in Mexico. \u00a9 Alexander Schimmeck\/Unsplash.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_62141\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/alexander-schimmeck-O8JJ72b4a1Y-unsplash-1-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"alexander-schimmeck-O8JJ72b4a1Y-unsplash-(1)\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Popocat\u00e9petl is an active stratovolcano in Mexico. \u00a9 Alexander Schimmeck\/Unsplash.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/alexander-schimmeck-O8JJ72b4a1Y-unsplash-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Popocat\u00e9petl is an active stratovolcano in Mexico. \u00a9 Alexander Schimmeck\/Unsplash.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_62141\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<p>But what about the people that live alongside an active volcano every day? On first thought, it may seem unwise to choose to live with such hazardous neighbours, but all of us live with risk every day: we  weigh the risks up against the benefits. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here are some of the main reasons why people live alongside volcanoes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Farming<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanic environments can be good locations for farming. Volcanic deposits are enriched in elements such as magnesium and potassium. When volcanic rock and ash weathers, these elements are released, producing extremely fertile soils. Thin layers of ash can act as natural fertilisers, producing increased harvests in years following an eruption. In response to frequent eruptions, some farmers have adapted their crops and farming styles to suit different types of ash. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanic deposits (particularly ash) are also quite porous, retaining moisture longer than many non-volcanic soils. As a consequence, land close to a volcano is often good for agriculture.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/elesban-landero-berriozabal_1332x690px.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Crops growing in the fertile soils of the Popocat\u00e9petl volcano, Mexico. \u00a9 Alexander Schimmeck\/Unsplash.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_81726\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/elesban-landero-berriozabal_1332x690px-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Crops growing in the fertile soils of the Popocatepetl volcano, south of Atlixco, Mexico.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/elesban-landero-berriozabal_1332x690px-960x497.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Crops growing in the fertile soils of the Popocat\u00e9petl volcano, Mexico. \u00a9 Alexander Schimmeck\/Unsplash.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/08\/elesban-landero-berriozabal_1332x690px.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Crops growing in the fertile soils of the Popocat\u00e9petl volcano, Mexico. \u00a9 Alexander Schimmeck\/Unsplash.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_81726\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Eruptive products and the forces that produce them shape the landscape, sometimes removing land and sometimes adding to it. For example in 1973, in Iceland, the volcano of Eldfell on the island of Heimaey erupted. Heimaey has Iceland\u2019s only harbour in the south of the country and for a few months it appeared that this would be destroyed. However, when the lava did stop flowing it had increased the land area by over 2\u00a0km\u00b2 and actually enhanced the shape of the harbour, making it more of a safe haven for the fishing fleet than it was originally!<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  id=\"video-2878-block_5e96eff524ab0\" class=\"video-wrap  \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"position-relative\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" class=\"\" src=\"https:\/\/i3.ytimg.com\/vi\/Czzibq2LBbQ\/hqdefault.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/video.svg\" class=\"video-play\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Close to home: living and farming with volcanic ash. Eruptions of the volcano Tungurahua in Ecuador, from 1999 until 2016, produced ash fall that affected people living on the slopes of the volcano. Source: <a href=\"https:\/\/streva.ac.uk\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Strengthening Resilience in Volcanic Areas<\/a> project.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"into-video\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<noscript>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<iframe class=\"video-section\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/Czzibq2LBbQ?enablejsapi=1&#038;version=3&#038;playerapiid=ytplayer&#038;rel=0&#038;autoplay=1\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/noscript>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Attachment<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanic environments often evoke a strong sense of place. Whether is it driven by aesthetics, community, history, culture or religion, volcanic communities often have a very strong bond with \u2018their\u2019 volcano and assign strong symbolic meanings to their environment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>More than that, volcanic environments are simply just home for many people. That\u2019s where their family, friends and jobs are. <\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/multimediaFile-1944.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;In May 2018, cracks appears in roads in the Leilani Estates housing subdivision in Hawaii, on the flanks of the Kilauea volcano. Within days a large fissure eruption was underway that destroyed more than 700 homes and created about 875 acres of new land. \u00a9 US Geological Survey.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_27041\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/multimediaFile-1944-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"A road leads through some trees. White gas is pouring out of cracks in the road.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/multimediaFile-1944-960x720.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>In May 2018, cracks appears in roads in the Leilani Estates housing subdivision in Hawaii, on the flanks of the Kilauea volcano. Within days a large fissure eruption was underway that destroyed more than 700 homes and created about 875 acres of new land. \u00a9 US Geological Survey.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/multimediaFile-1944.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;In May 2018, cracks appears in roads in the Leilani Estates housing subdivision in Hawaii, on the flanks of the Kilauea volcano. Within days a large fissure eruption was underway that destroyed more than 700 homes and created about 875 acres of new land. \u00a9 US Geological Survey.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_27041\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Tourism<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanoes evoke wonder and attract millions of tourists around the world. This supports local economies and provides jobs.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1024px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_30.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;The volcano Vesuvius (seen in the background) destroyed the ancient Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, near the modern city of Naples, in an eruption in the first century AD. The sites are now major tourist destinations despite the promximity of the volcano, which last erupted in 1944. \u00a9 Norbert Nagel\/Wikimedia Commons under licence &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/legalcode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CC BY-SA 3.0&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_98614\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1024px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_30-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"The wide, open forum of Pompeii, with ruined columns and tourists in the middle distance and the silhouette of the volcano Vesiuvius in the background.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1024px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_30-960x594.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>The volcano Vesuvius (seen in the background) destroyed the ancient Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, near the modern city of Naples, in an eruption in the first century AD. The sites are now major tourist destinations despite the promximity of the volcano, which last erupted in 1944. \u00a9 Norbert Nagel\/Wikimedia Commons under licence <a class=\"external text\" href=\"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/legalcode\" rel=\"nofollow\">CC BY-SA 3.0<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/1024px-Ancient_Roman_Pompeii_-_Pompeji_-_Campania_-_Italy_-_July_10th_2013_-_30.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;The volcano Vesuvius (seen in the background) destroyed the ancient Roman cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum, near the modern city of Naples, in an eruption in the first century AD. The sites are now major tourist destinations despite the promximity of the volcano, which last erupted in 1944. \u00a9 Norbert Nagel\/Wikimedia Commons under licence &lt;a class=&quot;external text&quot; href=&quot;https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/3.0\/legalcode&quot; rel=&quot;nofollow&quot;&gt;CC BY-SA 3.0&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_98614\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Resources<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Volcanic environments can produce rich mineral or metallic ore deposits when rocks are \u2018cooked\u2019 in extremely hot water in a process called hydrothermal alteration.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The country of Cyprus, which roughly translated means copper, owes its name to the mining of copper deposits. This copper occurs in parts of the Earth\u2019s crust that has been pushed upwards; long ago, sea water circulated through the volcanic oceanic crust and was heated up to 350\u00b0C. This heated water became acidic and corroded the rock through which it was flowing, becoming enriched in elements such as copper. On cooling, minerals such as copper sulphides were deposited.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/coins-4786028.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;The Roman supply of copper came almost entirely from Cyprus; it was known as &lt;em&gt;aes Cyprium&lt;\/em&gt;, \u2018metal of Cyprus\u2019. \u00a9 &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pixabay.com\/users\/papazachariasa-12696704\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=4786028&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;Thanasis Papazacharias&lt;\/a&gt;\/Pixabay.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25246\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/coins-4786028-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Roman coins made from copper\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/coins-4786028-960x497.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>The Roman supply of copper came almost entirely from Cyprus; it was known as <em>aes Cyprium<\/em>, \u2018metal of Cyprus\u2019. \u00a9 <a href=\"https:\/\/pixabay.com\/users\/papazachariasa-12696704\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=4786028\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Thanasis Papazacharias<\/a>\/Pixabay.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/07\/coins-4786028.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;The Roman supply of copper came almost entirely from Cyprus; it was known as &lt;em&gt;aes Cyprium&lt;\/em&gt;, \u2018metal of Cyprus\u2019. \u00a9 &lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/pixabay.com\/users\/papazachariasa-12696704\/?utm_source=link-attribution&amp;utm_medium=referral&amp;utm_campaign=image&amp;utm_content=4786028&quot; target=&quot;_blank&quot; rel=&quot;noopener&quot;&gt;Thanasis Papazacharias&lt;\/a&gt;\/Pixabay.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25246\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Energy<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>As well as providing mineral resources, many countries with active volcanoes are able to use the heat generated by volcanic activity as geothermal energy (e.g. Iceland and New Zealand). Water in the upper crust of the Earth is heated above a magma chamber or rocks that are still very hot; this is often apparent on the surface due to the presence of hot springs or geysers. To use this water as geothermal energy, the water needs to be pressurised. Pressure builds up when the boiling water is trapped beneath a dense impermeable rock layer, such as a clay, preventing it from expanding. By drilling a deep hole through this layer, the steam rises to the surface and expands, either driving turbines or being directed through heat exchangers.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Geothermal_P572538_feat.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;In Iceland 25 per cent of the country\u2019s total electricity production is from geothermal energy and over 66 per cent of their primary energy use, including the heating of nine out of ten homes. \u00a9 WikiImages\/Pixabay.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_89479\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Geothermal_P572538_feat-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Iceland geothermal energy\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Geothermal_P572538_feat.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>In Iceland 25 per cent of the country\u2019s total electricity production is from geothermal energy and over 66 per cent of their primary energy use, including the heating of nine out of ten homes. \u00a9 WikiImages\/Pixabay.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Geothermal_P572538_feat.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;In Iceland 25 per cent of the country\u2019s total electricity production is from geothermal energy and over 66 per cent of their primary energy use, including the heating of nine out of ten homes. \u00a9 WikiImages\/Pixabay.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_89479\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Practicality<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Some people simply cannot afford to move elsewhere. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Coercion<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Sometimes, people are forced by others to live in these environments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">References<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>British Geological Survey. 2012. Geohazard note: Volcanic hazards. <em>British Geological Survey<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-8472-block_5e96095867c8d\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_homepage_p815563-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Ammonite p815563\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/feature_homepage_p815563.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/\">Discovering Geology<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Discovering Geology introduces a range of geoscience topics to school-age students and learners of all ages.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/feature_hazards_pexels_235807-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"lava flow - Pexels \/ Pixabay\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/feature_hazards_pexels_235807.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/\">Earth hazards<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The Earth beneath our feet is constantly shifting and moving,  and violently with catastrophic and immediate results. Find out more about earth hazards.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/P064391_feat-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Plymouth, Montserrat. Mud flow deposits at clocktower.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/P064391_feat.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/\">Volcanoes<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We have a team of volcanologists that works on various research projects in locations around the world to help governments and local people to understand volcano behaviour.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/how-volcanoes-form-2\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Big_green_hill_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Big Green Hill Feature\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/05\/Big_green_hill_feature.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/how-volcanoes-form-2\/\">How volcanoes form<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>How the different types of volcano are formed and the relationship with plate tectonics.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/how-volcanoes-form-2\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/how-volcanoes-form\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/fuji_NASA_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Mt Fuji, Japan from space\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/fuji_NASA_feature.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/how-volcanoes-form\/\">Types of volcano<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Different types of volcano are formed according to the properties of the magma that creates them.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/how-volcanoes-form\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/eruption-styles\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/effusive_monserrat_website_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Effusive andesitic lava dome, Montserrat\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/effusive_monserrat_website_feature.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/eruption-styles\/\">Eruption styles<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Volcanic eruptions can be explosive, sending ash, gas and magma high up into the atmosphere, or effusive, producing lava flows and domes.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/eruption-styles\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/volcanic-hazards\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/P570503-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"A dark coud of ash rises over the Sofrier Hill volvano in Montserrat. The volcano is obscured by white clouds and there are green hills in the foregrund.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/06\/P570503.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/volcanic-hazards\/\">Volcanic hazards<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Find out about the different types of volcanic hazards that put human lives, livelihoods or infrastructure at risk of harm. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/volcanic-hazards\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>It may seem unwise to choose to live with such a hazardous neighbour as a volcano. There are a number of reasons why people live alongside volcanoes.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":74642,"parent":25272,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"on","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"volcano","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"8391,6297,8129,8160,17181,33030","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Living with volcanoes - British Geological Survey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"It may seem unwise to choose to live with such hazardous neighbours, but we live with risk every day, weighing the risks up against the benefits.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/volcanoes\/living-with-volcanoes\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Living with volcanoes - 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