{"id":10449,"date":"2020-01-24T16:33:20","date_gmt":"2020-01-24T16:33:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/containment-and-fluid-processes\/hydrates-and-ices-laboratory\/"},"modified":"2021-03-11T15:55:51","modified_gmt":"2021-03-11T15:55:51","slug":"hydrates-and-ices-laboratory","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrates-and-ices-laboratory\/","title":{"rendered":"Hydrates and Ices Laboratory"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Hydrates and Ices Laboratory<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Science Facilities &mdash; Fluid and Rock Processes Laboratory Cluster<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrates-and-ices-laboratory\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Hydrates%20and%20Ices%20Laboratory&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrates-and-ices-laboratory\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrates-and-ices-laboratory\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Hydrates%20and%20Ices%20Laboratory&#038;body=The%20BGS%20Hydrate%20and%20Ices%20Laboratory%20is%20a%20specialised%20facility%20used%20to%20study%20the%20behaviour%20of%20gas%20hydrates%20within%20sediments.%20%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrates-and-ices-laboratory\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/hydrates-and-ices-laboratory\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>The BGS Hydrate and Ices Laboratory is a specialised facility that has been used for 10 years to study the behaviour of gas hydrates within sediments. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What are gas hydrates?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Hydrates are a subgroup of a range of compounds called clathrates and have water molecule &#8216;cages&#8217;. A wide range of gases and low boiling point liquids can fit in the cages, including methane and carbon dioxide. They are usually white, ice-like solids that are stable at low temperatures and high pressures (e.g. deep oceans, or below permafrost in polar regions). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">How do we study gas hydrates?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The laboratory contains a variety of temperature-controlled equipment and pressure vessels capable of maintaining controlled, experimental conditions representative of temperatures and pressures typical the seabed of deep seas or below permafrost. As well as the equipment in which gas hydrates can be formed, the laboratory also undertakes cryogenic scanning electron microscopy (cryo-SEM) and cryogenic X-ray diffraction (cryo-XRD), both of which are capable of analysing cryo-preserved samples of hydrates\/ice.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrate_puck_1-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;&#8216;Puck&#8217; of solid CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; hydrate. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrate_puck_1-1-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Hydrate_puck_1\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>&#8216;Puck&#8217; of solid CO<sub>2<\/sub> hydrate. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrate_puck_1-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;&#8216;Puck&#8217; of solid CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; hydrate. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/P1090553-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Preparing to pressure test a subsea gas flow meter, used to monitor gas release from dissociating hydrate samples. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/P1090553-1-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"P1090553\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Preparing to pressure test a subsea gas flow meter, used to monitor gas release from dissociating hydrate samples. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/P1090553-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Preparing to pressure test a subsea gas flow meter, used to monitor gas release from dissociating hydrate samples. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_Run1015-2.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; hydrate in sand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_Run1015-2-960x497.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Hydrates in sand\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>CO<sub>2<\/sub> hydrate in sand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_Run1015-2.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; hydrate in sand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_Run2513-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Scanning electron microscope image of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; hydrate (darker) overgrowing sand grains (lighter). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_Run2513-1-960x490.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Hydrates_Run2513\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Scanning electron microscope image of CO<sub>2<\/sub> hydrate (darker) overgrowing sand grains (lighter). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_Run2513-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Scanning electron microscope image of CO&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;\/sub&gt; hydrate (darker) overgrowing sand grains (lighter). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_Run22-ice-ball-start06.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Sand grains (bright) around an approximately 0.6 mm-diameter ball of frozen salt water. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_Run22-ice-ball-start06-960x636.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Hydrates_Run22-ice-ball-start06\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Sand grains (bright) around an approximately 0.6 mm-diameter ball of frozen salt water. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_Run22-ice-ball-start06.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Sand grains (bright) around an approximately 0.6 mm-diameter ball of frozen salt water. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_90906\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Laboratory capabilities<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Laboratory capabilities include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>synthesis of CO<sub>2<\/sub> and methane hydrate as solid hydrates and as sediment-hosted hydrates in a variety of lithologies<\/li><li>simulation of permafrost through freezing wet sediments<\/li><li>pressure\/temperature cycling and dissociation studies of hydrates and ice<\/li><li>geophysical measurements on hydrates and frozen sediments<\/li><li>resistivity logging using non-contact methods and internal resistivity determination<\/li><li>determination of acoustic properties (Vp and Vs) of hydrates and frozen sediments<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Areas of investigation<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>These are some of the areas of investigation in which the laboratory and associated facilities have been involved.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">CO<sub>2<\/sub> hydrate in deep-water sediments <\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The formation of CO<sub>2<\/sub> hydrate in cool, moderately deep-water marine sediments is a fairly novel method for underground CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage but offers certain advantages in terms of geochemical trapping mechanisms. The conditions and reactions we study are quite different to those in more conventional CO<sub>2<\/sub> storage schemes, where conditions are warmer and where free CO<sub>2<\/sub> exists as a supercritical fluid. Storage areas of interest are:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>as liquid CO<sub>2<\/sub> with a hydrate cap above a relatively shallow reservoir<\/li><li>the formation of CO<sub>2<\/sub> hydrate as a secondary trapping mechanism should CO<sub>2<\/sub> migrate out of a much deeper reservoir<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Seabed core material<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We study seabed core material to elucidate the relationship between natural methane hydrate and the sediment that hosts it, as well as the process of hydrate breakdown during warming and depressurisation.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Planetary science<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>We study hydrate and ice breakdown under low pressure\/temperature conditions that are representative of those on Mars.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Equipment capabilities<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Our equipment capabilities have recently been enhanced by a major refit of the laboratory and now include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>a 3\u00a0\u00d7\u00a03\u00a0\u00d7\u00a02.4\u00a0m cold room capable of maintaining stable temperatures from -20\u00b0C to +10\u00b0C<\/li><li>a large (1200\u00a0litre) cooled incubator capable of maintaining stable temperatures from -10\u00b0C to +50\u00b0C<\/li><li>a medium-sized (600\u00a0litre) cooled incubator capable of maintaining stable temperatures from -10\u00b0C to +50\u00b0C<\/li><li>a small (1200\u00a0litre) cooled incubator capable of maintaining stable temperatures from -10\u00b0C to +50\u00b0C<\/li><li>other fridges, freezers and chiller units can maintain a range of low temperatures as required<\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_equipment.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Hydrates and ices laboratory equipment: cooled incubators and walk-in freezer room. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_80743\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_equipment-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Cooled incubators and walk-in freezer room\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_equipment-960x432.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Hydrates and ices laboratory equipment: cooled incubators and walk-in freezer room. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/Hydrates_equipment.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Hydrates and ices laboratory equipment: cooled incubators and walk-in freezer room. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_80743\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>A range of equipment can be placed into the incubators or cold room as required. This includes physical testing equipment, electronic sensors or pressure vessels. The latter range in size from approximately 1\u201312\u00a0litres. Many items of equipment in the lab have been manufactured within BGS workshops and it is possible for us to construct specialised equipment for specific studies.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sky-background-d \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Need more information?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<div>Please contact Dr Chris Rochelle or Dr Andrew Kilpatrick for further information.<\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/rochelle-christopher\/\"  class=\"button primary-background button btn-icon-arrow-right-white before \">Contact Dr Rochelle<\/a><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/kilpatrick-andrew\/\"  class=\"button primary-background button btn-icon-arrow-right-white before \">Contact Dr Kilpatrick<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-8815-block_5f080e07b1fb6\" 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href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/\">Research<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Our research includes core geological survey and monitoring work and other innovative projects addressing today\u2019s geoscientific challenges driven by the changing needs of our stakeholders.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geotechnical_RD_facility_fig2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"angled milling machine\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Geotechnical_RD_facility_fig2-960x497.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/\">Science facilities<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We operate and maintain a wide range of state-of-the-art laboratories and other facilities, which underpin virtually all of our research.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomicrobiology-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geomicrobiology laboratory\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_Geomicrobiology.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/\">Fluid and Rock Processes Laboratory Cluster<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This cluster does research to identify, measure and quantify complex geological and environmental processes essential in the efficient utilisation of natural resources and underground spaces.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geological-research\/science-facilities\/fluid-and-rock-processes\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The BGS Hydrate and Ices Laboratory is a specialised facility used to study the behaviour of gas hydrates within sediments. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":31617,"parent":10448,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"on","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"gas hydrate, hydrate, ice, hydrates laboratory, ices laboratory, hydrates and ices 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