{"id":15472,"date":"2020-02-29T16:48:13","date_gmt":"2020-02-29T16:48:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=information-hub&#038;p=15472"},"modified":"2024-02-07T08:20:21","modified_gmt":"2024-02-07T08:20:21","slug":"geological-survey-history-ireland","status":"publish","type":"information-hub","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/","title":{"rendered":"Geological Survey history &mdash; Ireland"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Geological Survey history \u2014 Ireland<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>BGS Information Hub<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Geological%20Survey%20history%20&mdash;%20Ireland&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Geological%20Survey%20history%20&mdash;%20Ireland&#038;body=A%20history%20of%20geological%20mapping%20in%20Ireland%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Early geological mapping in Ireland has its origins in the search for economic minerals.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>By the 1830s, two geological surveys had been established, one run from the Valuation Office by Sir Richard Griffith and the other run as part of the Ordnance Survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1845, Sir Henry Thomas de la Beche became the founder and first director of the civilian Geological Survey of the United Kingdom under the aegis of the First Commissioner of Her Majesty&#8217;s Woods, Forests, Land Revenues, Works and Buildings.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/the-act-of-parliament-1845-establishing-a-geological-survey-of-great-britain-and-ireland\/\">The Act of Parliament of 1845<\/a>\u00a0(265 KB pdf)\u00a0establishing the survey referred to the completion of a &#8216;geological survey of Great Britain and Ireland&#8217;. There was no specific reference to maps, but the implication to provide the results of the survey in map form was clearly there.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"director\">First director<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The first local director of the Geological Survey of Ireland was Sir Henry James. The survey&#8217;s appointed task under his leadership was to conduct a nationwide survey of Ireland and to produce a map significantly improving the 1839 quarter-inch geological map of Ireland produced by Sir Richard Griffith.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>How the survey was to proceed was laid down in the document issued by de la Beche and dated 22 May 1845, entitled,&nbsp;&#8216;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/instructions-for-the-local-directors-of-the-geological-survey-of-great-britain-and-ireland\/\">Instructions for Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland<\/a>&#8216;&nbsp;(330 KB pdf).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The mapping was to be conducted on the scale of six inches to the mile using the Ordnance Survey topographic maps at this scale as a base, which incidentally proved ideal for geological mapping. Base maps at this scale (metric equivalent) are still used today.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The final maps for the public were to be produced at a scale of one inch to one mile, or 1:63&nbsp;360. On 22 May 1845, De La Beche wrote to James instructing him to start the new survey&#8217;s mapping campaign in south-east Ireland, Dublin, Wicklow, Kilkenny, Carlow, Wexford and Waterford.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>There were two reasons for selecting this area. Firstly, de la Beche had a team working just across St George&#8217;s Channel in Wales; working both sides could resolve common problems. Secondly, there were known economic deposits in the area, coal at Castlecomer and copper at Avoca, and it would have been foremost in de la Beche&#8217;s mind to show the economic benefits of the new geological survey.<br><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"one-inch\">One-inch geological map production<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The start of one-inch geological map production was dependent on the availability of the Ordnance Survey 1:63&nbsp;360 topographic sheets, which were used as a base. This latter series was first authorised in April 1851 and it was intended to cover the whole country in 59 sheets of the same dimensions as the Ordnance Survey&#8217;s six-inch maps, 90 \u00d7 60&nbsp;cm. This size was thought to be too impractical, so they soon decided to issue sheets a quarter of the size.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Each sheet was numbered to the original 59 sheet series numbers with an additional quarter-sheet designation, SW, SE, NW or NE, for example 46 SE. This numbering system lasted until 1858, when it was proposed that the quarter sheets should be accorded full-sheet status and would be numbered 1 to 205. Before 1873, the base Ordnance Survey maps used by the Geological Survey were the outline edition. The &#8216;hill edition&#8217;, with hachuring, was used from 1873 onwards.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"method\">Mapping method<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Mapping proceeded in the field on six-inch sheets quartered for convenience of handling. The geologist recorded  the rock types at each exposure in pencil and made notes or sketches in field notebooks. The information recorded would then be inked in during the evening.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Another evening job was to duplicate the information on a second set of sheets. Periodically, the geologist would also draw the essentials onto a set of two one-inch maps. Each one-inch map would be sent to Dublin for approval on completion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>When approval had been granted, the geologist would be given a new, clean copy of the one-inch map onto which he placed all the information required for the published sheet. This was then sent to the Ordnance Survey for engraving, a first proof being returned.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Final amendments were made and the first proof returned to the Ordnance Survey.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"pattern\">The &#8216;pattern copy&#8217;<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>After the amendments had been engraved, the second proof came back and the geologist added the standard colours to make the &#8216;pattern copy&#8217;. The pattern copy was the standard to which copies were coloured for sale, which was usually done by the survey colourists in England.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>In 1887, the primary geological survey of Ireland, begun over 40 years earlier in 1845, was coming to a close. The summer of 1887 saw George Henry Kinahan and Sidney Berdoe Neal Wilkinson at work in Donegal. Wilkinson completed his work first and Kinahan stayed on until October, so finishing the survey. Gordon Herries Davies, in his book&nbsp;&#8216;Sheets of Many Colour<em>s<\/em>&#8216;&nbsp;tells the story:<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t<blockquote id=\"quote-313-block_912cf1d12326066f3ce1b60dc5526930\" class=\"quote  \" >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quote-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/quote-caption.svg\" alt=\"Speech marks icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quote-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>It must have been one evening towards the close of that month when Kinahan plied his hammer to the very last rock exposure to be examined during the primary geological survey of Ireland. Having peered at the resultant sliver of rock through his lens, he must have entered some comment in his notebook, recorded the site upon his field-sheet, closed his map-case, and turned his steps homeward. It was all a routine that he knew so well; thousands of other days in the field had ended for him in precisely the same way as the evening shadows lengthened. But this evening was really different. The geological campaign which had opened in County Wexford in the summer of 1845 was now at long last concluded. And how appropriate that it should have been Kinahan who made those final observations which brought the primary survey of Ireland to its close. He was a stormy character certainly, but in terms of service within Ireland he was the Survey&#8217;s senior officer. For well over thirty years he had carried his hammer and his maps through some of Ireland&#8217;s most rugged terrain; he surely deserved to strike the final hammer blow on behalf of the Survey. As he trudged home that last evening did his memories perhaps return to that now distant occasion in August 1854 when, fresh out of Trinity College, he had reported for training at Bantry, there to find himself in the inspiring company of Jukes, Ramsay, and Sir Henry de la Beche himself. In those days a one-inch geological map of Ireland was still merely a project under discussion, but now in Donegal he and Wilkinson had just fashioned those final pieces necessary to complete the great one-inch geological mosaic.&#8217;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gordon Herries Davies, Sheets of Many Colours\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"closing\">Closing time<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>This was the close of the mapping programme. Production of the final maps took a few years longer, with the final seven maps published in 1890.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Perhaps the last word should go Mrs E Williams, who was responsible for colouring the one inch geological maps. Her job was to turn them from an uncoloured outline to what could be regarded as a work of art. Again a quote from Gordon Herries Davies tells the story.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t<blockquote id=\"quote-1133-block_ce73c59b4b9e39a3884775a971d34035\" class=\"quote  \" >\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quote-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/quote-caption.svg\" alt=\"Speech marks icon\">\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"quote-text\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<p>During the closing decades of the nineteenth century [Mrs Williams] was employed to work at home colouring those maps of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland which were destined for distribution to the public. As we contemplate one of the early copies of that colourful final Irish one-inch sheet \u2014 Sheet 10 \u2014 it is Mrs Williams&#8217;s handiwork that excites our admiration. Toiling in the grimy air of Victorian London, close to the Metropolitan Cattle Market and hard by the Midland Railway&#8217;s line out of St Pancras, hers was a landscape far removed from the Irish landscape of purple mountains, tranquil rivers, sandy eskers, brown peat-bogs, and storm-beaten cliffs \u2014 an Irish landscape which had become so familiar to generations of geologists as they painstakingly traced out those geological lines which Mrs Williams&#8217;s brush now had to follow with such care and precision.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Gordon Herries Davies, Sheets of Many Colours<\/strong><\/p>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/irehisimg.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Extract from Geological Survey of Ireland Sheet 8, Ballycastle, August 1887. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_88262\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/irehisimg.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Extract from Geological Survey of Ireland Sheet 8, Ballycastle, August 1887.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Extract from Geological Survey of Ireland Sheet 8, Ballycastle, August 1887. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/irehisimg.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Extract from Geological Survey of Ireland Sheet 8, Ballycastle, August 1887. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_88262\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ireimg2.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Extract from horizontal or longitudinal section 25. Section from Kilkieran Bay on the south to Killary Harbour on the north, 1879. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_88262\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ireimg2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Extract from horizontal or longitudinal section 25. Section from Kilkieran Bay on the south to Killary Harbour on the north, 1879.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Extract from horizontal or longitudinal section 25. Section from Kilkieran Bay on the south to Killary Harbour on the north, 1879. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/ireimg2.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Extract from horizontal or longitudinal section 25. Section from Kilkieran Bay on the south to Killary Harbour on the north, 1879. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_88262\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"timeline\">Timeline<\/h3>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">1840\u20131860<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12 responsive-table\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th data-name=\"Date\">Date<\/th>\n<th data-name=\"Event\">Event<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0April\u00a01845<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The Geological Survey of the United Kingdom comes into existence under the directorship of Henry de la Beche. The Geological Survey of Ireland was a constituent part under the first local director, Captain Henry James. The Irish survey was first located in the Customs House, Dublin.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">2\u00a0May\u00a01844<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">De la Beche instructs that the geological survey should begin in south-eastern Ireland.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">4\u00a0July\u00a01846<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Thomas Oldham takes over from Henry James as local director.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">26\u00a0June\u00a01848<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The survey publishes its first map, the county map of Wicklow.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1848<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Four longitudinal sections were published (now known as the &#8216;Old Series&#8217;).<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Sheet 1, &#8216;Section from the Bilboa Colliery across Croaghan Kinshela to Arklow Rock&#8217;<\/li>\n<li>Sheet 2, &#8216;Section from Dunlavin, across Lugnaquilla and Croaghan-Moira to the sea-coast near Johnstown&#8217;<\/li>\n<li>Sheet 3, &#8216;Section from near Kilcullen, in the county of Kildare, to Mizen Head, in the county of Wicklow&#8217;<\/li>\n<li>Sheet 4, &#8216;No. 1. Section from Glencree across Sugar Loaf Hill, in the county of Wicklow&#8217;<\/li>\n<\/ul><\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">30\u00a0November\u00a01850<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">J B Jukes takes over as the third local director.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">May\u00a01851<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">County maps of Dublin and Wexford are published. They are the last county maps published of a short-lived series.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">5\u00a0May\u00a01855<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Sir Roderick Impey Murchison becomes director of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0December\u00a01855<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Murchison instructs that every one-inch sheet is to have an accompanying memoir.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">December\u00a01856<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The first one-inch sheets are published (renumbered sheets 36 and 41, 120, 121, 129, 130, 139, 148 and 149).<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">28\u00a0July\u00a01858<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The first memoir is published (sheet 45SE, renumbered later as sheet 166).<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">April\u00a01860<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The first four &#8216;New Series&#8217; longitudinal sections are published.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0April\u00a01867<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The UK survey expands, Murchison becomes\u00a0 its director general and Jukes becomes director.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0July\u00a01867<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Jukes&#8217;s Geological Map of Ireland is published, but not by the survey.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">16\u00a0October\u00a01869<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Edward Hull is appointed director of the Geological Survey of Ireland following the death of Jukes.<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">1870\u20131890<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12 responsive-table\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th data-name=\"Date\">Date<\/th>\n<th data-name=\"Event\">Event<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">March\u00a01870<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The survey offices move to 14 Hume Street (from 51 St Stephen&#8217;s Green).<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">15\u00a0March\u00a01872<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Andrew Crombie Ramsay becomes director general of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1873<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The Ordnance Survey of Ireland one-inch hauchered &#8216;hill edition&#8217; becomes the base map for all future one-inch geological sheets.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">October\u00a01874<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The first sheet on the new &#8216;hill edition&#8217; base map is published (sheet 28).<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">30\u00a0March\u00a01878<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Hull&#8217;s Geological Map of Ireland is published.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1879\u20131881<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Revision of the early mapping in the south of Ireland is undertaken by Hull and Symes.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">9\u00a0August\u00a01881<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">An instruction from Ramsay directs that the survey will undertake field mapping on the one-inch scale rather than the six-inch scale.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0January\u00a01882<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Archibald Geikie becomes becomes director general of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">October\u00a01887<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The primary geological mapping of Ireland is completed in the vicinity of Rathmelton in County Donegal.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0October\u00a01890<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Joseph Nolan takes over the survey with the title &#8216;senior geologist in charge&#8217;.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">21\u00a0November\u00a01890<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The final sheet of the one-inch geological series is published (sheet 10, Kilmacrenan).<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0April\u00a01892<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The final one-inch memoir is published (for sheets 22, 23, 30 and 31 (part): &#8216;Explanatory memoir to accompany the maps of south-west Donegal&#8217;).<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">December\u00a01894<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">The final horizontal section is published: &#8216;Horizontal or longitudinal section 35. Section 1. From Ray Point, Lough Swilly, in a north\u2013north-west direction across Knockalla to the Atlantic Ocean at Rinmore Point. Showing Metamorphic and Igneous Rocks and Lower Old Red Sandstone. Section 2. From Lough Fern in a north-west direction across Lough Salt Mountain, and east of Dunfanaghy to the Atlantic Ocean at Horn Head. Showing Metamorphic and Igneous Rocks.&#8217;<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">1900\u20131905<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12 responsive-table\"><table>\n<thead>\n<tr>\n<th data-name=\"Date\">Date<\/th>\n<th data-name=\"Event\">Event<\/th>\n<\/tr>\n<\/thead>\n<tbody><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0March\u00a01901<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Jethro J H Teale becomes director of the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0May\u00a01901<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">G W Lamplugh is appointed to run the survey under the title &#8216;district geologist&#8217;.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1901\u20131906<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Drift surveys of Dublin, Belfast, Cork, Limerick and Londonderry are established.<\/tr><tr>\n<td data-before=\"Date\">1\u00a0April\u00a01905<\/td><td data-before=\"Event\">Responsibility for the Geological Survey of Ireland passes from the Geological Survey of the United Kingdom to the Department of Agriculture and technical Instruction for Ireland. G A Cole becomes the director of the survey.<\/tbody>\n<\/table><\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"bibliography\">Bibliography<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Bibliography<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Bailey, E B. 1952. Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: Murby.)<!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/li>\n<li>Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/list-of-memoirs-maps-sections-c-published-by-the-geological-survey-of-ireland-to-march-31st-1906\/\">List of Memoirs, Maps, Sections &amp;c., published by the Geological Survey of Ireland to March 31st, 1906.<\/a>\u00a0(1.61 MB pdf)<!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/li>\n<li>Flett, J S. 1937. The first hundred years of the Geological Survey of Great Britain. (London: HMSO.)<!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/li>\n<li>Herries Davies, G L. 1983. Sheets of Many Colours: the mapping of Ireland&#8217;s rocks 1750\u20131890. (Dublin: Royal Dublin Society.)<!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/li>\n<li>Herries Davies, G L.\u00a0\u00a01995.\u00a0\u00a0\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/www.gsi.ie\/gsishop\/Product.aspx?Productid=74&amp;Catid=3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">North from The Hook: 150 years of the Geological Survey of Ireland.<\/a>\u00a0(Dublin: Geological Survey of Ireland.)<!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/li>\n<li>McIntosh, R P. 2012.\u00a0 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/geological-survey-of-great-britain-and-ireland-a-contemporary-account-of-the-survey-1897\/\">Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland \u2014 a contemporary account of the Survey, 1897<\/a>\u00a0(3.17 MB pdf). Extract and illustrated from 1897 Geological Survey of Great Britain. Summary of Progress (unpublished).<!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/li>\n<li>McKenna, G. (Ed) \u00a0[Unpublished manuscript].\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/instructions-for-the-local-directors-of-the-geological-survey-of-great-britain-and-ireland\/\">Instructions for the Local Directors of the Geological Survey of Great Britain and Ireland<\/a> (330 KB pdf) by Henry de la Beche 22nd May 1845. Selected documents from the BGS Archives No. 1<!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/li>\n<li>Owenson, N, Gray, G, and McIntosh, R P. 2008. <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/download\/geological-survey-of-ireland-163-360-maps-and-associated-sections-report-on-the-digitisation-programme\/\">Geological Survey of Ireland, 1:63 360 maps and associated sections: report on the digitisation programme.<\/a>\u00a0British Geological Survey Internal Report IR\/08\/034\u00a0(37.5 MB pdf)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-5396-block_c8a9d93d0965ef596571be8ef62d156b\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/scanmapsicon_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"BGS Maps Portal\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/01\/scanmapsicon_feature.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/\">BGS maps portal<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>High-resolution viewing of images of almost all the small- and medium-scale geological maps produced by the BGS since mapping started in 1832.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-england-and-wales\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_historyEW-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Geological history of England Wales\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_historyEW.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-england-and-wales\/\">Geological Survey history &mdash; England and Wales<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A short history of the Geological Survey of England and Wales.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-england-and-wales\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-scotland\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/scothisimg2-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Sheet 32\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/scothisimg2.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-scotland\/\">Geological Survey history &mdash; Scotland<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A history of geological mapping in Scotland, including timeline and early beginnings.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-scotland\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-historical-notes\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_origins-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Sir Roderick Impey Murchison\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_origins.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-historical-notes\/\">Geological survey historical notes<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Brief historical notes and links to key documents on the early 1:63 360 map series for England and Wales, Scotland and Ireland.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-historical-notes\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/origins-of-systematic-geological-mapping\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_origin_maps-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"old BGS map\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/feature_origin_maps.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/origins-of-systematic-geological-mapping\/\">Origins of systematic geological mapping<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>An insight into the origin and early practice of systematic geological mapping by the Geological Survey; the application of hand-colouring; why the constant need for revision?<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/origins-of-systematic-geological-mapping\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>A history of geological mapping in Ireland<\/p>\n","protected":false},"featured_media":2632,"parent":11431,"menu_order":4,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"83126,84321,63981,91629,9089,50654","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"region":[],"topic":[],"purpose":[],"area":[],"challenge":[],"challenge_topic":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Geological Survey history &mdash; Ireland - British Geological Survey<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"A history of geological mapping in Ireland including timeline\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Geological Survey history &mdash; Ireland - British Geological Survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A history of geological mapping in Ireland including timeline\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"British Geological Survey\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-02-07T08:20:21+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/12\/irehisticon.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1000\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"659\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"4 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/information-hub\/bgs-maps-portal\/geological-survey-history-ireland\/\",\"name\":\"Geological Survey history &mdash; 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