{"id":14618,"date":"2020-02-14T14:22:41","date_gmt":"2020-02-14T14:22:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/?post_type=case_study&#038;p=14618"},"modified":"2021-10-07T11:58:50","modified_gmt":"2021-10-07T11:58:50","slug":"sidestrand-norfolk-landslide-case-study","status":"publish","type":"case_study","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/case-studies\/sidestrand-norfolk-landslide-case-study\/","title":{"rendered":"Sidestrand, Norfolk"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Sidestrand, Norfolk<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Landslide case study<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/case-studies\/sidestrand-norfolk-landslide-case-study\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Sidestrand,%20Norfolk&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/case-studies\/sidestrand-norfolk-landslide-case-study\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/case-studies\/sidestrand-norfolk-landslide-case-study\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Sidestrand,%20Norfolk&#038;body=%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/case-studies\/sidestrand-norfolk-landslide-case-study\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/case-studies\/sidestrand-norfolk-landslide-case-study\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Sidestrand is situated 1.3&nbsp;km south-east of the village of Overstrand on the Norfolk coast. The cliff faces north-east and the beach is very wide and sandy.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand-location.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Sidestrand, Norfolk, location map. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_59478\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand-location-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Sidestrand, Norfolk location map.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand-location.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Sidestrand, Norfolk, location map. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand-location.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Sidestrand, Norfolk, location map. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_59478\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Sidestrand is part of a programme of work monitoring coastal erosion and landsliding at several sites around the coast of Great Britain. Active, deep-seated <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/how-to-classify-a-landslide\/#slides\">rotational<\/a> landslides and mudslides predominate and BGS has been collecting data from this site since 2001. This is <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/landslides\/national-landslide-database\/\">National Landslide Database<\/a> ID 16350\/1.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/SidestrandCoastalSection_copyrightMikePageSkyView.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Sidestrand coastal section. \u00a9 Mike Page, SkyView.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53022\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/SidestrandCoastalSection_copyrightMikePageSkyView.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Figure 1 The Sidestrand coastal section \u00a9 Mike Page, SkyView.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Sidestrand coastal section. \u00a9 Mike Page, SkyView.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/SidestrandCoastalSection_copyrightMikePageSkyView.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Sidestrand coastal section. \u00a9 Mike Page, SkyView.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53022\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Geology <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>A considerable amount of work has been carried out on the local geology (Banham, 1988; Hart and Boulton, 1991; Lunkka, 1994; Hamblin, 2000; Lee et al., 2004), and, to a much lesser extent, the geotechnical properties of the tills of North Norfolk (Kazi and Knill, 1969; Hutchinson, 1976).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The current geological interpretation is that of Lee et al. (2004). This scheme equates the <a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=LOFT\">Lowestoft Formation<\/a> (formerly the Lowestoft Till) with the so-called Second Cromer Till. <\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_coastal_section.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Coastal section; taken from Lee et al., 2004.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;B = Briton&#8217;s Lane Formation, S = Sheringham Cliffs Formation, L = Lowestoft Formation, H = Happisburgh Formation, Ch = Chalk\/pre-glacial, hachuring = obscured by defences; black arrows = thrust faults.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_60098\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_coastal_section-150x142.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Figure 2 Coastal section taken from Lee et al., 2004. B = Briton&#039;s Lane Formation, S = Sheringham Cliffs Formation, L = Lowestoft Formation, H = Happisburgh Formation, Ch = Chalk\/pre-glacial, hachuring = obscured by defences; black arrows = thrust faults\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_coastal_section.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Coastal section; taken from Lee et al., 2004.<\/p>\n<p>B = Briton&#8217;s Lane Formation, S = Sheringham Cliffs Formation, L = Lowestoft Formation, H = Happisburgh Formation, Ch = Chalk\/pre-glacial, hachuring = obscured by defences; black arrows = thrust faults.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_coastal_section.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Coastal section; taken from Lee et al., 2004.&lt;\/p&gt;\n&lt;p&gt;B = Briton&#8217;s Lane Formation, S = Sheringham Cliffs Formation, L = Lowestoft Formation, H = Happisburgh Formation, Ch = Chalk\/pre-glacial, hachuring = obscured by defences; black arrows = thrust faults.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_60098\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Important features of the landslide site and neighbouring cliffs are the glaciotectonically controlled syncline and large-scale shears (Lee et al., 2004). The deposits within the platform and lower part of the cliff consist of the matrix-dominant, dark grey <a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=HPTI\">Happisburgh Till Member<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=HPGL\">Happisburgh Formation<\/a>. This till has been subjected to small-scale,, glaciotectonic folding and, as with most tills of this type, is regularly jointed. The folding is observed in freshly eroded or landslide-exposed sections in the cliff and in the platform.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/P759934.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Happisburgh Till Member showing chevron folding. The ranging rod is 1 m long. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_333\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/P759934-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Happisburgh Till Member showing &#039;chevron folding\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/P759934.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Happisburgh Till Member showing chevron folding. The ranging rod is 1 m long. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/P759934.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Happisburgh Till Member showing chevron folding. The ranging rod is 1 m long. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_333\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The deposits in the mid part of the cliff are largely obscured by landslides. They consist of: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul><li>Ostend Clay Member (Happisburgh Formation)<\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=WATI\">Walcott Till Member<\/a> (Lowestoft Formation)<\/li><li>the lower and central components of the <a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=SMCL\">Sheringham Cliffs Formation<\/a>:<ul><li><a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=MYSA\">Mundesley Sand Member<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=IFLS\">Ivy Farm Laminated Silt Member<\/a><\/li><li><a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=BGTI\">Bacton Green Till Member<\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>In the upper part of the cliff the exposure is good. Here the uppermost part of the Sheringham Cliff Formation (<a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=TRIMC\">Trimingham Clay<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=WTTI\">Weybourne Town Till<\/a> members) is seen. This is overlain by the <a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=STHSG\">Stow Hill Sand and Gravel Member<\/a> of the <a href=\"https:\/\/webapps.bgs.ac.uk\/lexicon\/lexicon.cfm?pub=BRLA\">Briton&#8217;s Lane Formation<\/a>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Happisburgh Till Member is a 3\u20136&nbsp;m-thick, massive, yellow-brown. sandy till, while the Walcott Till Member is a stiff, blue-grey, chalky, flinty till.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/triminghamClay-1-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Trimingham Clay Member (TCM), Weybourne Town Till Member (WM) and Stow Hill Sand and Gravel Member (SHM). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_62148\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/triminghamClay-1-1-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Figure 4 Trimingham Clay Member (TCM), Weybourne Town Till Member (WM), and Stow Hill Sand &amp; Gravel Member (SHM).\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/triminghamClay-1-1.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Trimingham Clay Member (TCM), Weybourne Town Till Member (WM) and Stow Hill Sand and Gravel Member (SHM). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/triminghamClay-1-1.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Trimingham Clay Member (TCM), Weybourne Town Till Member (WM) and Stow Hill Sand and Gravel Member (SHM). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_62148\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Virtually the entire thickness of the Briton&#8217;s Lane and Sheringham Cliffs formations has been subject to glaciogenic thrusting (Lee et al., 2004). Distinguishing syndepositional and postdepositional thrust\/shear features from modern landslide features is difficult in some cases. Some shear features visible in marine-eroded cliff sections are clearly the basal and side-shears of modern mudslides. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Landslides<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The landslides at the Sidestrand test site are complex, consisting partly of large-scale, deep-seated landslides and partly of <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/how-to-classify-a-landslide\/#flows\">mudslides and debris flows<\/a>. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The deep-seated movements tend to have a dominant rotational component, but are in part translational. In some cases, these extend to depths several metres below platform level, but are more usually entirely within the cliff. The backscarps at the cliff top tend to be sharply defined, vertical features that persist after the landslide event. The landslides form deeply incised embayments that are arcuate in plan.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Deep-seated landslides tend to rotate to angles of 10\u201320\u00b0 and break up during failure transport, producing large debris aprons that spread across beach and platform. These are short-lived, as the debris is readily removed by the sea. Such large events are followed by many mudslides and mudflows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The level of activity during the survey period was high, particularly during the winter of 2000\/01. It included various types of movement at beach level and a large-scale debris flow, which ran out across the beach and persisted for two years. Active beach thrusting and deep-seated rotation have been observed periodically.<\/p>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_deepseated_rotational_landslide.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Deep-seated rotational landslide thrusting up through the beach at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_4401\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_deepseated_rotational_landslide.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Figure 5 Deep-seated rotational landslide thrusting up through the beach at Sidestrand.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Deep-seated rotational landslide thrusting up through the beach at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_deepseated_rotational_landslide.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Deep-seated rotational landslide thrusting up through the beach at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_4401\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Sidestrand_Large_debris_flow.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Large debris flow of winter 2001\/02. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_4401\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Sidestrand_Large_debris_flow.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Figure 6 Large debris flow of winter 200102.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Large debris flow of winter 2001\/02. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/Sidestrand_Large_debris_flow.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Large debris flow of winter 2001\/02. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_4401\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_Landslides_Team_survey.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;The BGS Landslide Response Team carrying out a survey of the large debris flow of winter 2001\/02 (photograph taken in April 2002). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_4401\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_Landslides_Team_survey.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Figure 7 The Landslides Team carrying out a survey of the large debris flow of winter 200102 (photograph taken in April 2002).\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>The BGS Landslide Response Team carrying out a survey of the large debris flow of winter 2001\/02 (photograph taken in April 2002). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_Landslides_Team_survey.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;The BGS Landslide Response Team carrying out a survey of the large debris flow of winter 2001\/02 (photograph taken in April 2002). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_4401\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Survey results<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>As part of a cliff monitoring programme at BGS, data was collected from the cliffs at Sidestrand annually for six years. The principal method of survey is long-range terrestrial <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/geomatic-surveys\/#lidar\">laser scanning<\/a> (terrestrial LiDAR). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The annual surveys&#8217; results were processed to provide data for models of coastal recession. The data collected in the field by laser scanning and GPS were entered into a modelling package and the resulting computer model enables volume calculations and observations as to the way in which the coast is eroding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Gallery<\/h2>\n\n\n\t\t\t\t<div  class=\"owl-carousel carousel-primary-color carousel owl-theme thumbs-carousel-js\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_unusual_shapes.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Unusual shapes created by marine erosion of the Happisburgh Formation. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_unusual_shapes.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Unusual shapes created by marine erosion of Happisburgh Formation.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Unusual shapes created by marine erosion of the Happisburgh Formation. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_unusual_shapes.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Unusual shapes created by marine erosion of the Happisburgh Formation. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_palisadecoastaldefences.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;A flow at Sidestrand that overtopped the wooden palisade coastal defences. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_palisadecoastaldefences.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"A flow at Sidestrand which had overtopped the wooden palisade coastal defences.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>A flow at Sidestrand that overtopped the wooden palisade coastal defences. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_palisadecoastaldefences.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;A flow at Sidestrand that overtopped the wooden palisade coastal defences. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_chevronfolding.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Chevron folding in the Happisburgh Till Member at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_chevronfolding.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Chevron folding in the Happisburgh Till member at Sidestrand.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Chevron folding in the Happisburgh Till Member at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_chevronfolding.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Chevron folding in the Happisburgh Till Member at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_chevronfolding_2.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Chevron folding in the Happisburgh Till Member at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_chevronfolding_2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Chevron folding in the Happisburgh Till member at Sidestrand.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Chevron folding in the Happisburgh Till Member at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_chevronfolding_2.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Chevron folding in the Happisburgh Till Member at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div><div class=\"item\"><figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_feature_P760428.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Terrestrial LiDAR in action at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_feature_P760428.jpg\" class=\"attachment-medium size-medium\" alt=\"Terrestrial LiDAR in action at Sidestrand.\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Terrestrial LiDAR in action at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_feature_P760428.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Terrestrial LiDAR in action at Sidestrand. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_25342\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Change in cliff profile<\/h2>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_central_cliffs_change_from_2005_to_2006.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;How the central cliffs changed from 2005 to 2006. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_13317\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_central_cliffs_change_from_2005_to_2006-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"How the central cliffs change from 2005 to 2006.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_central_cliffs_change_from_2005_to_2006.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>How the central cliffs changed from 2005 to 2006. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_central_cliffs_change_from_2005_to_2006.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;How the central cliffs changed from 2005 to 2006. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_13317\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_eastern_cliffs_change_from_2005_to_2006.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;How the eastern cliffs changed from 2005 to 2006. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_6908\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_eastern_cliffs_change_from_2005_to_2006-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"How the eastern cliffs change from 2005 to 2006.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_eastern_cliffs_change_from_2005_to_2006.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>How the eastern cliffs changed from 2005 to 2006. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/sidestrand_eastern_cliffs_change_from_2005_to_2006.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;How the eastern cliffs changed from 2005 to 2006. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_6908\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">More information<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">References<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Banham, P H. 1988. Polyphase glaciotectonic deformation in the contorted drift of Norfolk. 27\u201332 in <em>Glaciotectonics; Forms and Processes<\/em>. Croot, D G (editor). (Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Hamblin, R J O. 2000. A new glacial stratigraphy for East Anglia. <em>Mercian Geologist<\/em>, Vol. 15(1), 59\u201362.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Hart, J K, and Boulton, G S. 1991. The glacial drifts of Norfolk. 233\u2013243 in <em>Glacial Deposits in Great Britain and Northern Ireland<\/em>. Ehlers, J, Gibbard, P L, and Rose, J (editors). (Rotterdam, Netherlands: Balkema.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Hutchinson, J N. 1976. Coastal landslides in cliffs of Pleistocene deposits between Cromer and Overstrand, Norfolk, England. 155\u2013182 in <em>Laurits Bjerrum Memorial Volume: Contributions to Soil Mechanics<\/em>. Janbu, N, Jorstad, F, and Kjaernsli, B (editors). (Oslo, Norway: Norwegian Geotechnical Institute.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Kazi, A, and Knill, J L. 1969. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/GSL.QJEG.1969.002.01.05\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The sedimentation and geotechnical properties of the Cromer Till between Happisburgh and Cromer, Norfolk<\/a>. <em>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology<\/em>, Vol. 2, 63\u201386.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Lee, J R, Booth, S J, Hamblin, R J O, Jarrow, A M, Kessler, H K E, Moorlock, B S P, Morigi, A M, Palmer, A, Pawley, S J, Riding, J B, and Rose, J. 2004. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/503114\/\">A new stratigraphy for the glacial deposits around Lowestoft, Great Yarmouth and Cromer, East Anglia, UK<\/a>. <em>Bulletin of the Geological Society of Norfolk<\/em>, Vol. 53, 3\u201360.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Lunkka, J P. 1994. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/jqs.3390090303\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sedimentation and lithostratigraphy of the North Sea Drift and Lowestoft Till Formations in the coastal cliffs of northeast Norfolk, England<\/a>. <em>Journal of Quaternary Science<\/em>, Vol. 9(3), 209\u2013233.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Further reading<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Banham, P H. 1968. A preliminary note on the Pleistocene stratigraphy of northeast Norfolk. <em>Proceedings of the Geological Association<\/em>, Vol. 79, 507\u2013512.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Banham, P H, and Ranson, C E. 1965. Structural study of the contorted drift and disturbed Chalk at Weybourne, North Norfolk. <em>Geological Magazine<\/em>, Vol. 102(2),165\u2013174.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Bell, F G. 2002. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0013-7952(01)00068-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The geotechnical properties of some till deposits occurring along the coastal areas of eastern England<\/a>. <em>Engineering Geology<\/em>, Vol. 63, 49\u201368.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Bell, F G, and Forster, A. 1991. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/GSL.ENG.1991.007.01.07\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">The geotechnical characteristics of the Till deposits of Holderness<\/a>. 111\u2013118 in <em>Quaternary Engineering Geology<\/em>. Forster, A, Culshaw, M G, Cripps, J C, Little, J A, and Moon, C F (editors). Engineering Geology Special Publications, Vol. 7. (London, UK: Geological Society.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Buckley, S J, Howell, J A, Enge, H D, and Kurz, T H. 2008. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/0016-76492007-100\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Terrestrial laser scanning in geology: data acquisition, processing and accuracy considerations<\/a>. <em>Journal of the Geological Society of London<\/em>, Vol. 165, 625\u2013638.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Cambers, G. 1976. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.2307\/621987\">Temporal scales in coastal erosion systems<\/a>. <em>Transcripts of the Institute of British Geographers<\/em>, Vol. 1, 246\u2013256.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Cameron, T D J, Crosby, A, Balson, P S, Jeffery, D H, Lott, G K, Bulat, J, and Harrison, D J. 1992. <a href=\"https:\/\/pubs.bgs.ac.uk\/publications.html?pubID=B01848\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">United Kingdom Offshore Regional Report: the geology of the southern North Sea<\/a>. (London, UK: HMSO.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Clayton, K M. 1989. Sediment input from the Norfolk cliffs, Eastern England &#8211; a century of coast protection and its effects. <em>Journal of Coastal Research<\/em>, Vol. 5(3), 433\u2013442.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Clayton, K M, McCave, I N, and Vincent, C E. 1983. The establishment of a sand budget for the East Anglian coast and its implications for coastal stability. 91\u201396 in <em>Shoreline Protection<\/em>. (UK: Thomas Telford Ltd.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>da Fontura Klein, A H, and de Menezes, J T. 2001. Beach morphodynamics and profile sequence for a headland bay coast. <em>Journal of Coastal Research<\/em>, Vol. 17(4), 812\u2013835.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Hobbs, P, Humphreys, B, Rees, J, Tragheim, D, Jones, L, Gibson, A, Rowlands, K, Hunter, G, and Airey, R. 2002. 589\u2013600 in <em>Monitoring the Role of Landslides in &#8216;Soft cliff&#8217; Coastal Recession<\/em>. McInnes, R G, and Jakeways, J (editors). (Isle of Wight, UK: Instability Planning and Management, Thomas Telford.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Hobbs, P R N, Pennington, C V L, Pearson, S G, Jones, L D, Foster, C , Lee, J R, and Gibson, A. 2008. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/7236\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Slope Dynamics Project Report: Norfolk Coast (2000-2006)<\/a>. <em>British Geological Survey Open Report<\/em> OR\/08\/018. (Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>H R Wallingford, Posford Haskoning, and D&#8217;Oller, B. 2002. Southern North Sea Sediment Transport Study Phase 2: Sediment Transport Report. Report for Great Yarmouth Borough Council, Report EX 4526.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Knight, J. 2005. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1086\/425972\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Formation of thrust structures in front of coastal landslides<\/a>. <em>The Journal of Geology University of Chicago<\/em>, Vol. 113, 107\u2013114.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Lee, J R. 2001. Genesis and palaeogeographic significance of the Corton Diamicton (basal member of the North Sea Drift Formation), East Anglia, UK. <em>Proceedings of the Geologists&#8217; Association<\/em>, Vol. 112, 43\u201367.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Lee, J R, Rose, J, Hamblin, R J O, and Moorlock, B S P. 2004. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.quascirev.2004.02.002\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Dating the earliest lowland glaciation of eastern England: a pre-M1512 early Middle Pleistocene Happisburgh Glaciation<\/a>. <em>Quaternary Science Reviews<\/em>, Vol. 23, (14\u201315).<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Lee, J R, Rose, J, Riding, J B, Hamblin, R J O, and Moorlock, B S P. 2002. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/j.1502-3885.2002.tb01078.x\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Testing the case for a Middle Pleistocene Scandinavian glaciation in Eastern England: evidence for a Scottish ice source for tills within the Corton Formation of East Anglia, UK<\/a>. <em>Boreas<\/em>, Vol. 31, 345\u2013355.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>McCave, I N. 1978. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/0025-3227(78)90092-0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Grain-size trends and transport along beaches: examples from Eastern England<\/a>. <em>Marine Geology<\/em>, Vol. 28, M43\u2013M51.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>McCave, I N. 1987. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/gsjgs.144.1.0149\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Fine sediment sources and sinks around the East Anglian coast (UK)<\/a>. <em>Journal of the Geological Society of London<\/em>, Vol. 144(1), 149\u2013152.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Miller, L, and Douglas, B C. 2004. <a href=\"http:\/\/doi.org\/10.1038\/nature02309\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Mass and volume contributions to twentieth-century global sea level rise<\/a>. <em>Nature<\/em>, Vol. 428, 406\u2013409.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Mills, J P, Buckley, S J, Mitchell, H L, Clarke, P J, and Edwards, S J. 2005. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/esp.1165\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">A geomatics data integration technique for coastal change monitoring<\/a>. <em>Earth Surface Processes and Landforms<\/em>, Vol. 30(6), 651\u2013664.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Moorlock, B, Hamblin, R, Booth, S J, Woods, M, Kessler, H, and Hobbs, P. 2002. Geology of the Cromer District: a brief explanation of the geological map sheet 131 Cromer. (Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Ohl, C, Frew, P, Sayers, P, Watson, G, Lawton, P, Farrow, B, Walkden, M, and Hall, J. 2003. North Norfolk &#8211; a regional approach to coastal erosion management and sustainability practice. 226\u2013240 in <em>International Conference on Coastal Management 2003: Brighton<\/em>. McInnes, R G (editor). (UK: Thomas Telford.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Poulton, C V L, Lee, J R, Jones, L D, Hobbs, P R N, and Hall, M. 2006. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/214\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Preliminary investigation into monitoring coastal erosion using terrestrial laser scanning: case study at Happisburgh<\/a>, <em>Bulletin of the Geological Society of Norfolk<\/em>, Vol. 56, 45\u201365.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Reid, C. 1882. The geology of the country around Cromer, Sheet 68. British Geological Survey.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Rowlands, K, Jones, L, and Whitworth, M. 2003. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1144\/1470-9236\/2003-08\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Landslide laser scanning: a new look at an old problem<\/a>. <em>Quarterly Journal of Engineering Geology<\/em>, Vol. 36(2), 55\u2013158.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Short, A D, and Masselink, G. 1999. <a href=\"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.13140\/RG.2.1.1170.4167\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Embayed and structurally controlled beaches<\/a>. 142\u2013161 in <em>Handbook of Beach and Shoreface Morphodynamics<\/em>. Short, A D (editor). (Chichester, UK: Wiley.)<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --> <!-- wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n<p>Thomalla, F, and Vincent, C E. 2003. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/S0272-7714(02)00157-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">Beach response to shore-parallel breakwaters at sea palling, Norfolk, UK<\/a>. <em>Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science<\/em>, Vol. 56, 203\u2013212.<\/p>\n<p><!-- \/wp:paragraph --><\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sea-background-e \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Contact the Landslide Response Team<\/h2>\t\t\t\t<div>Tel: 0115 936 3143     Email: landslides@bgs.ac.uk   <\/div>\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"mailto:landslides@bgs.ac.uk\"  class=\"button primary-background   \">Contact us<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<section   id=\"latest-content-2655-block_5efc3d3507b5f\" class=\"grid-section  primary-background   \" >\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>You may also be interested in<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/landslides\/landslide-case-studies\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/pennington_feature_P761259-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"fall at Pennington Point. (Photo: \u00a9 Eve Mathews)\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/02\/pennington_feature_P761259.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/landslides\/landslide-case-studies\/\">Landslide case studies<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The landslides team at the BGS has studied numerous landslides. This work informs our geological maps, memoirs and sheet explanations and provides data for our National Landslide Database, which underpins much of our research.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/landslides\/landslide-case-studies\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/debris_flow_restandbethankfulpass_P785354_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Debris flow on A83\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/debris_flow_restandbethankfulpass_P785354_feature.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/\">Understanding landslides<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>What is a landslide? Why do landslides happen? How to classify a landslide. Landslides in the UK and around the world. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/how-to-classify-a-landslide\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/holbeck_hall_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Holbeck Hall Landslide\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/holbeck_hall_feature.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/how-to-classify-a-landslide\/\">How to classify a landslide<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Landslides are classified by their type of movement. The four main types of movement are falls, topples, slides and flows. <\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/how-to-classify-a-landslide\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-lg-6 col-12\">\n\t<div class=\"cards cards-orizontal-sm  cards-find-more  cards-bordered\">\n\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/landslides-in-the-uk-and-around-the-world\/\" class=\"media-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Storegga_landslide_website_feature-150x150.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"Storegga landslide\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2020\/04\/Storegga_landslide_website_feature.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t\t<h4><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/landslides-in-the-uk-and-around-the-world\/\">Landslides in the UK and around the world<\/a><\/h4>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Landslides in the UK, around the world and under the sea.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/discovering-geology\/earth-hazards\/landslides\/landslides-in-the-uk-and-around-the-world\/\">Show more<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"featured_media":25661,"parent":0,"menu_order":26,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"on","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"sidestrand","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"72123,51064,33594,34185,70595,57984","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[145],"region":[8],"topic":[],"purpose":[],"area":[],"challenge":[],"challenge_topic":[],"filter_group":[],"subject":[],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v22.5 - 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