{"id":8292,"date":"2026-05-05T11:41:53","date_gmt":"2026-05-05T10:41:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/groundwater-protection\/"},"modified":"2026-05-05T12:12:48","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T11:12:48","slug":"groundwater-protection","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/groundwater-protection\/","title":{"rendered":"Groundwater protection"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Groundwater protection<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/groundwater-protection\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Groundwater%20protection&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/groundwater-protection\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/groundwater-protection\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Groundwater%20protection&#038;body=Groundwater%20is%20vulnerable%20to%20contamination%20from%20a%20wide%20range%20of%20human%20activities%20including%20agriculture,%20urbanisation,%20waste%20disposal,%20past%20and%20present%20industry%20and%20from%20pollution%20incidents.%20%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/groundwater-protection\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/groundwater-protection\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Groundwater is vulnerable to contamination from a wide range of human activities. The vulnerability of an aquifer depends on the characteristics of the aquifer itself as well as those of overlying rocks and soils; the thickness of the unsaturated zone, and the properties of any pollutant(s). Activities that have the potential to contaminate groundwater include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>agriculture<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>past and present industry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>pollution incidents<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>urbanisation<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>waste disposal<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/05\/P949437.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Mine water discharge, Nantyffyllon, South Wales. Industrial activity in both the past and the present may cause pollution of groundwater. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/05\/P949437.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Mine water discharge, Nantyffyllon, South Wales. Industrial activity in both the past and the present may cause pollution of groundwater. \u00a9 BGS\/UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>For potentially polluting activities that take place below an aquifer, such as oil and gas production, additional factors need to be considered, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>the vertical separation between the activity and the base of the aquifer<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the properties of the intervening rock mass<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>the presence of other potential pathways for pollutant migration, e.g. faults, boreholes and mine workings<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>groundwater flow direction<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>We work in partnership with the UK and international governments, their environmental regulators and agencies to support the development of models and tools for assessing groundwater vulnerability and the implementation of effective groundwater protection strategies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong>Groundwater vulnerability mapping<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Our scientists have contributed to groundwater vulnerability mapping across the UK. Using our detailed understanding of aquifer properties and contaminant transport processes, we have contributed essential elements to the maps and tools used by regulators and industry to protect groundwater from pollution.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/05\/Groundwater_vulnerability_BGSReport_OR11064.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Groundwater vulnerability in Scotland (from \u00d3 Dochartaigh et al., 2011). \u00a9 BGS.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/05\/Groundwater_vulnerability_BGSReport_OR11064.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Groundwater vulnerability in Scotland (from \u00d3\u00a0<span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Dochartaigh et al., 2011)<\/span><\/span>. \u00a9 BGS.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">3D groundwater vulnerability<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Ensuring long-term protection of groundwater requires consideration of new and emerging risks to groundwater. As a result of the growing interest in using the deep (&gt;500&nbsp;m) subsurface for energy production and storage, and waste disposal, we have worked with the Environment Agency to develop, for the first time, a new&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/datasets\/groundwater-vulnerability-data\/\">vulnerability and risk screening tool<\/a>&nbsp;that can be applied to a wide range of deep industrial activities, including:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>geothermal energy production<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>hydrocarbon extraction<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>hydrogen and natural gas storage<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>waste disposal (radioactive waste; carbon dioxide)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/05\/Potential_pollutant_pathways_EU_H2O20_VoGERA-1.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Potential_pollutant_pathways_EU_H2O20_VoGERA-1\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2026\/05\/Potential_pollutant_pathways_EU_H2O20_VoGERA-1.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Potential pollutant pathways associated with geothermal energy production (from\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/geoera.eu\/projects\/vogera1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EU H2020 VoGERA project<\/a>).<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Reference<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">\u00d3 Dochartaigh, B E,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person\"><span class=\"person_name\">Doce, D D,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Rutter, H K, and<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">MacDonald, A M.<\/span><\/span>\u00a02011.\u00a0<a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/17084\/\"><em>User guide: Groundwater Vulnerability (Scotland) GIS dataset. Version 2.<\/em><\/a>\u00a0<em>British Geological Survey Open Report<\/em>\u00a0OR\/11\/064. (Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey.)<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Groundwater is vulnerable to contamination from a wide range of human activities including agriculture, urbanisation, waste disposal, past and present industry and from pollution incidents. <\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":8314,"parent":55,"menu_order":7,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-8292","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - 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