{"id":78,"date":"2023-11-15T15:24:39","date_gmt":"2023-11-15T15:24:39","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/?page_id=78"},"modified":"2025-11-07T14:05:28","modified_gmt":"2025-11-07T14:05:28","slug":"flooding","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/","title":{"rendered":"Flooding"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Groundwater flooding<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Flooding&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Flooding&#038;body=Understanding%20groundwater%20flooding%20mechanisms%20and%20mapping%20susceptible%20areas.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"img-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/geograph-3859939-by-Mr-Ignavy-banner.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur hero-img\" alt=\"SONY DSC\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/geograph-3859939-by-Mr-Ignavy-banner.jpg\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Periods of abnormally high rainfall can result in groundwater flooding of basements and the emergence of groundwater at the ground surface, causing damage to property and infrastructure. BGS has one of the largest groups of scientists researching groundwater flooding. This includes aspects such as improving our understanding of groundwater flooding mechanisms, modelling groundwater flooding and mapping susceptible areas.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Groundwater flooding can cause significant social and economic disruption and is a threat in many areas of north-west Europe, including the UK. Flooding legislation initially introduced in Europe and was transposed into UK law recognises the importance of groundwater flooding by incorporating a requirement to assess the risk and undertake measures to reduce it where significant.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">What is groundwater flooding?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Groundwater flooding is defined as the emergence of groundwater at the ground surface away from perennial river channels, or the rising of groundwater into artificial ground under conditions where the \u2018normal\u2019 ranges of groundwater level and groundwater flow are exceeded.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/geograph-3371654-by-Des-Blenkinsopp.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Groundwater flooding in Upper Lambourn, Berkshire, England, in 2013. The groundwater level has risen above the level of the road, so water is forcing its way through the road surface as a spring. \u00a9 &lt;a title=&quot;View profile&quot; href=&quot;https:\/\/www.geograph.org.uk\/profile\/43370&quot; rel=&quot;cc:attributionURL dct:creator&quot;&gt;Des Blenkinsopp&lt;\/a&gt;\u00a0and licensed for\u00a0&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.geograph.org.uk\/reuse.php?id=3371654&quot;&gt;reuse&lt;\/a&gt;\u00a0under this\u00a0&lt;a class=&quot;nowrap&quot; title=&quot;Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Licence&quot; href=&quot;http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/&quot; rel=&quot;license&quot;&gt;Creative Commons Licence&lt;\/a&gt;.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_88889\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/geograph-3371654-by-Des-Blenkinsopp.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"geograph-3371654-by-Des-Blenkinsopp\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/geograph-3371654-by-Des-Blenkinsopp.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Groundwater flooding in Upper Lambourn, Berkshire, England, in 2013. The groundwater level has risen above the level of the road, so water is forcing its way through the road surface as a spring. \u00a9 <a title=\"View profile\" href=\"https:\/\/www.geograph.org.uk\/profile\/43370\" rel=\"cc:attributionURL dct:creator\">Des Blenkinsopp<\/a>\u00a0and licensed for\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/www.geograph.org.uk\/reuse.php?id=3371654\">reuse<\/a>\u00a0under this\u00a0<a class=\"nowrap\" title=\"Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 2.0 Licence\" href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\" rel=\"license\">Creative Commons Licence<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/geograph-3371654-by-Des-Blenkinsopp.jpg\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Exceptionally large flows from perennial springs or large flows from intermittent or dormant springs also come under the definition of groundwater flooding. They can cause both localised flooding in the vicinity of the springs and where surface water drainage channels may not be adequate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Where does groundwater flooding occur?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Groundwater flooding can occur in a range of geological settings. There are three main settings that have been identified in the UK where significant groundwater flooding can occur:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding\/unconfined-major-aquifers\/\">unconfined major aquifers<\/a> such as the Chalk<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding\/shallow-unconsolidated-sedimentary-aquifer-flooding\/\">shallow, unconsolidated, sedimentary aquifers<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding\/groundwater-rebound-in-urban-centres\/\">groundwater rebound in urban centres<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The first two of these settings encompass the majority of sites affected by groundwater flooding in the UK. BGS carries out its groundwater research in these settings to improve our understanding of the flooding mechanisms involved. This research has been the basis for the production of our&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/datasets\/groundwater-flooding\/\">susceptibility to groundwater flooding maps,<\/a>&nbsp;which cover England, Wales and Scotland.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Characteristics of groundwater flooding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The characteristic feature of groundwater flooding events is its relatively long duration compared with fluvial (river) flooding.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The impact of groundwater flooding can occur before water levels reach the ground surface, for example when there is inundation of building basements and buried services, such as road tunnels or other assets, below ground level.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Groundwater levels that rise above ground level also have the potential to reach low-lying areas otherwise protected from fluvial flooding.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P916699.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Flooded basement of a demolished building in Cardiff, Wales. The basement has flooded to a level close to or the same as the groundwater level beneath the city. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_42530\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P916699.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"A disused basement of a demolished building that has filled with water\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P916699.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Flooded basement of a demolished building in Cardiff, Wales. The basement has flooded to a level close to or the same as the groundwater level beneath the city. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P916699.jpg\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">More information<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">FAQs<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/faqs#gwfloodfaq\">Groundwater flooding FAQs<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Feature image <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Groundwater flooding in Basingstoke, Hampshire, England, in 2014. Basingstoke is located on the Chalk aquifer of southern England. \u00a9 <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geograph.org.uk\/profile\/18677\">Mr Ignavy<\/a>&nbsp;and licensed for reuse under this&nbsp;<a href=\"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-sa\/2.0\/\">Creative Commons Licence<\/a>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n\t\t<section id=\"in-this-section-516-block_2017375e72dde30ec74f23886d55670c\" class=\"grid-section  sea-background-e   \" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Our research<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6 col-lg-4\">\n\t<div class=\"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more \">\n\t\t<a class=\"media-wrap\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/how-many-properties-at-risk\/\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P894562-thumb.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"P894562-thumb\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P894562-thumb.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/how-many-properties-at-risk\/\">How many properties are at risk from groundwater flooding?<\/a><\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>How we estimated where and how many homes may be at risk from groundwater floods.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/how-many-properties-at-risk\/\"><\/a>\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-lg-4\">\n\t<div class=\"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more \">\n\t\t<a class=\"media-wrap\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/controls-on-regional-scale-groundwater-flooding\/\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/geograph-3860776-by-Des-Blenkinsopp-thumb.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"geograph-3860776-by-Des-Blenkinsopp-thumb\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/geograph-3860776-by-Des-Blenkinsopp-thumb.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/controls-on-regional-scale-groundwater-flooding\/\">Controls on regional-scale groundwater flooding<\/a><\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Researching widespread, regional groundwater floods.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/controls-on-regional-scale-groundwater-flooding\/\"><\/a>\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-lg-4\">\n\t<div class=\"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more \">\n\t\t<a class=\"media-wrap\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/case-study-groundwater-flooding-in-oxford\/\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P883135-thumb.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"P883135-thumb\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P883135-thumb.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/case-study-groundwater-flooding-in-oxford\/\">Case study: groundwater flooding in Oxford<\/a><\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Investigating the causes of groundwater flooding in the River Thames floodplain.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/case-study-groundwater-flooding-in-oxford\/\"><\/a>\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sea-background-e \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Need more information?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/macdonald-alan\/\"  class=\"button primary-background   \">Contact Alan MacDonald<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Understanding groundwater flooding mechanisms and mapping susceptible areas.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":3,"featured_media":6191,"parent":6372,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-78","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Flooding - BGS Groundwater<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Periods of abnormally high rainfall can result in groundwater flooding of 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