{"id":6710,"date":"2025-11-03T11:58:34","date_gmt":"2025-11-03T11:58:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/?page_id=6710"},"modified":"2025-11-11T07:49:25","modified_gmt":"2025-11-11T07:49:25","slug":"karst-report-series","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/","title":{"rendered":"Karst report series"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Karst report series<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Karst%20report%20series&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Karst%20report%20series&#038;body=An%20overview%20of%20the%20evidence%20for%20karst%20in%20the%20Chalk%20and%20Jurassic%20and%20Permian%20limestones%20in%20different%20areas%20of%20England.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>The reports provide an overview of the evidence for karst in the Chalk and Jurassic and Permian limestones in different areas of England. Karst data was compiled from:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>BGS databases on karst, springs, and transmissivity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>reports and peer reviewed papers<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>geological mapping<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p>The reports are structured to provide an introduction to the area and geology, evidence of karst geomorphological features in the area (caves, conduits, stream sinks, dolines and springs); evidence of rapid flow from tracer testing, and other hydrogeological evidence of karst. Maps of the area show the distributions of karst features and there is a quick reference bullet-point summary. <\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;The Devil&#8217;s Chimney at Leckhampton Hill, Gloucestershire, is formed from Jurassic-aged limestone (Inferior Oolite Group). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_17722\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"P775218\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>The Devil&#8217;s Chimney at Leckhampton Hill, Gloucestershire, is formed from Jurassic-aged limestone (Inferior Oolite Group). BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218.jpg\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>The reports demonstrate that surface karst features are much more widespread in these aquifers than previously thought and that rapid groundwater flow is common. The reports highlight the importance of karst and the need for further consideration of karst in hydrogeological studies and groundwater management and protection in these aquifers. Karst data is not complete and work continues to improve karst datasets further and to investigate the detail of local catchments.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Report areas<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Chalk is divided into nine regions that are primarily based on geomorphology and geography. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Permian limestones are divided into two areas, comprising a northern and southern outcrop. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The Jurassic limestones have more variable geology and are divided into six areas:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>J1 covers the Corallian Group of northern England <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J2 covers the Lincolnshire Limestone Formation of central England <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J3 covers the Great and Inferior Group oolites of southern England<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J4 covers three small areas of the Portland and Purbeck limestones in southern England<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J5 covers the Corallian Group limestones of southern England<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J6 covers the Blue Lias limestones of south-west England and comprises several small outcrops within a large area<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/bgs-karst-report-series-areas.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Map overview showing the karst report areas across England. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_68328\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/bgs-karst-report-series-areas.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"bgs-karst-report-series-areas\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/bgs-karst-report-series-areas.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Map overview showing the karst report areas across England. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/bgs-karst-report-series-areas.jpg\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>C1 Karst in the Chalk of the Yorkshire Wolds<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C2 Karst in the Chalk of Lincolnshire<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/536313\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C3 Karst in the Chalk of East Anglia<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/529899\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C4 Karst in the Chalk of the Chilterns and the Berkshire and Marlborough Downs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/534024\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C5 Karst in the Chalk of the Wessex basin<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/531399\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C6 Karst in the Chalk of the North Downs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/531542\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C7 Karst in the Chalk of the South Downs<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>C8 Karst in the Chalk of Dorset<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/532325\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">C9 Karst in the Chalk of the Isle of Wight<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/533220\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">J1 Karst in the Jurassic Limestone Corallian Group of <\/a>n<a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/533220\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">orthern England<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/532661\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">J2 Karst in the Jurassic limestones of Central England<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/535729\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">J3 Karst in the Jurassic Great and Inferior Oolites of Southern England<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J4 Karst in the Jurassic Portland and Purbeck limestones in southern England<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J5 Karst in the Jurassic Corallian Group limestones of southern England<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>J6 Karst in the Jurassic Blue Lias limestones of south-west England<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/537368\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">P1 Karst in the northern outcrop of the Permian limestones (South Shields to Scotch Corner)<\/a><\/li>\n\n\n\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/537658\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">P2 Karst in the southern outcrop of the Permian limestones (Scotch Corner to Nottingham)<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sea-background-e \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Need more information?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/brauns-bentje\/\"  class=\"button primary-background   \">Contact Bentje Brauns<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t\n\n\t\t<section id=\"in-this-section-3399-block_9eada335aaab9159fd0a68985c46f005\" class=\"grid-section  sea-background-d   \" >\n\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row header-of-section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2>Find out more about our research<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row grid-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-md-6 col-lg-4\">\n\t<div class=\"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more \">\n\t\t<a class=\"media-wrap\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/chalk-cave-thumb.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"chalk cave-thumb\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/chalk-cave-thumb.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/\">Karst aquifers<\/a><\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Aquifers formed in the Chalk Group and the Jurassic and Permian limestones of England.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/\"><\/a>\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-lg-4\">\n\t<div class=\"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more \">\n\t\t<a class=\"media-wrap\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-features\/\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/chalk-stream-doline-thumb.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"chalk-stream-doline-thumb\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/chalk-stream-doline-thumb.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-features\/\">Karst features<\/a><\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The distinctive features of karst landscapes.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-features\/\"><\/a>\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-lg-4\">\n\t<div class=\"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more \">\n\t\t<a class=\"media-wrap\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-hydrogeology-of-the-bedhampton-and-havant-springs\/\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/solutionPipe-thumb.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur wp-post-image\" alt=\"solutionPipe-thumb\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/solutionPipe-thumb.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<h2><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-hydrogeology-of-the-bedhampton-and-havant-springs\/\">Karst hydrogeology of the Bedhampton and Havant springs<\/a><\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>One of the best examples of Chalk karst springs in the UK.<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-hydrogeology-of-the-bedhampton-and-havant-springs\/\"><\/a>\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-lg-4\">\n\t<div class=\"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more \">\n\t\t<a class=\"media-wrap\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/what-causes-sinkholes-and-where-do-they-occur-in-the-uk\/\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P913657-thumb.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"P913657-thumb\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P913657-thumb.jpg\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<h2>\n\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/what-causes-sinkholes-and-where-do-they-occur-in-the-uk\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\tWhat causes sinkholes?\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<p><p>Explore the different types of sinkhole encountered in the UK.<\/p>\n<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<div class=\"col-md-6 col-lg-4\">\n\t<div class=\"cards-over-img cards  cards-find-more \">\n\t\t<a class=\"media-wrap\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/\">\n\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P703480-thumb.webp\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"P703480-thumb\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P703480-thumb.webp\" \/>\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<div class=\"info-wrap\">\n\t\t<div class=\"info\">\n\t\t\t<h2>\n\t\t\t\t<a  href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/geology-projects\/sinkholes-research\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\tSinkholes research\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t<p><p>Our research extends beyond the distribution and processes associated with sinkhole formation to the broader subject of karst.<\/p>\n<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An overview of the evidence for karst in the Chalk and Jurassic and Permian limestones in different areas of England.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":7228,"parent":6691,"menu_order":3,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6710","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Karst report series - BGS Groundwater<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Groundwater provides approximately a third of public water supply in England, and makes an important contribution in Wales and Scotland.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Karst report series - BGS Groundwater\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Groundwater provides approximately a third of public water supply in England, and makes an important contribution in Wales and Scotland.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"BGS Groundwater\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-11-11T07:49:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218-thumb.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"430\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/\",\"name\":\"Karst report series - BGS Groundwater\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218-thumb.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-11-03T11:58:34+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-11-11T07:49:25+00:00\",\"description\":\"Groundwater provides approximately a third of public water supply in England, and makes an important contribution in Wales and Scotland.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218-thumb.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218-thumb.jpg\",\"width\":640,\"height\":430},{\"@type\":\"BreadcrumbList\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#breadcrumb\",\"itemListElement\":[{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":1,\"name\":\"Home\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":2,\"name\":\"Resources\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":3,\"name\":\"Groundwater Resources in England and Wales\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":4,\"name\":\"Karst aquifers\",\"item\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/\"},{\"@type\":\"ListItem\",\"position\":5,\"name\":\"Karst report series\"}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/\",\"name\":\"BGS Groundwater\",\"description\":\"\",\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#organization\"},\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\"},{\"@type\":\"Organization\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#organization\",\"name\":\"BGS Groundwater\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/\",\"logo\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/11\/BGS_Groundwater_pos.svg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/11\/BGS_Groundwater_pos.svg\",\"width\":547,\"height\":136,\"caption\":\"BGS Groundwater\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/\"}}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Karst report series - BGS Groundwater","description":"Groundwater provides approximately a third of public water supply in England, and makes an important contribution in Wales and Scotland.","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/","og_locale":"en_GB","og_type":"article","og_title":"Karst report series - BGS Groundwater","og_description":"Groundwater provides approximately a third of public water supply in England, and makes an important contribution in Wales and Scotland.","og_url":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/","og_site_name":"BGS Groundwater","article_modified_time":"2025-11-11T07:49:25+00:00","og_image":[{"width":640,"height":430,"url":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218-thumb.jpg","type":"image\/jpeg"}],"twitter_card":"summary_large_image","twitter_misc":{"Estimated reading time":"2 minutes"},"schema":{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"WebPage","@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/","url":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/","name":"Karst report series - BGS Groundwater","isPartOf":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#website"},"primaryImageOfPage":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#primaryimage"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#primaryimage"},"thumbnailUrl":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218-thumb.jpg","datePublished":"2025-11-03T11:58:34+00:00","dateModified":"2025-11-11T07:49:25+00:00","description":"Groundwater provides approximately a third of public water supply in England, and makes an important contribution in Wales and Scotland.","breadcrumb":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#breadcrumb"},"inLanguage":"en-GB","potentialAction":[{"@type":"ReadAction","target":["https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/"]}]},{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#primaryimage","url":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218-thumb.jpg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/11\/P775218-thumb.jpg","width":640,"height":430},{"@type":"BreadcrumbList","@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/karst-report-series\/#breadcrumb","itemListElement":[{"@type":"ListItem","position":1,"name":"Home","item":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":2,"name":"Resources","item":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":3,"name":"Groundwater Resources in England and Wales","item":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":4,"name":"Karst aquifers","item":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/water-resources\/groundwater-resources-in-england-and-wales\/karst-aquifers\/"},{"@type":"ListItem","position":5,"name":"Karst report series"}]},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#website","url":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/","name":"BGS Groundwater","description":"","publisher":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":{"@type":"EntryPoint","urlTemplate":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/?s={search_term_string}"},"query-input":{"@type":"PropertyValueSpecification","valueRequired":true,"valueName":"search_term_string"}}],"inLanguage":"en-GB"},{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#organization","name":"BGS Groundwater","url":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","inLanguage":"en-GB","@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/","url":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/11\/BGS_Groundwater_pos.svg","contentUrl":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2023\/11\/BGS_Groundwater_pos.svg","width":547,"height":136,"caption":"BGS Groundwater"},"image":{"@id":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#\/schema\/logo\/image\/"}}]}},"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6710","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/7"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=6710"}],"version-history":[{"count":7,"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6710\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":7248,"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6710\/revisions\/7248"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/6691"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/7228"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=6710"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=6710"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}