{"id":6661,"date":"2025-10-31T11:27:15","date_gmt":"2025-10-31T11:27:15","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/?page_id=6661"},"modified":"2025-11-10T10:00:05","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T10:00:05","slug":"floodplains-contaminant-attenuation","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/catchment-processes\/floodplains-contaminant-attenuation\/","title":{"rendered":"Floodplains and contaminant attentuation"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Floodplains and contaminant attentuation<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/catchment-processes\/floodplains-contaminant-attenuation\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Floodplains%20and%20contaminant%20attentuation&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/catchment-processes\/floodplains-contaminant-attenuation\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/catchment-processes\/floodplains-contaminant-attenuation\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Floodplains%20and%20contaminant%20attentuation&#038;body=The%20role%20of%20floodplains%20in%20reducing%20the%20effects%20of%20groundwater%20contamination.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/catchment-processes\/floodplains-contaminant-attenuation\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/catchment-processes\/floodplains-contaminant-attenuation\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Floodplains are active and dynamic environments. They are important zones through which groundwater moves in and out of rivers and streams.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Floodplains potentially play a key role in attenuating dissolved contaminants, particularly as they increasingly define a limit to urban expansion, forming a boundary zone between urban and rural areas. BGS investigated how the biogeochemical processes operating in floodplain environments might affect the concentrations of groundwater contaminants from urban environments reaching surface water courses.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/Kate_ptm.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Kate_ptm\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/Kate_ptm.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Port Meadow in flood during July 2007. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Our field observatory<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Port Meadow lies to the north-west of the city of Oxford; it is grazed by horses and cattle. Groundwater flows across the meadow from the urban area in the east towards the River Thames in the west. It is prone to&nbsp;flooding&nbsp;and features an area of standing water for much of the year. Its chemistry is also affected by the presence of an old domestic waste dump on its eastern side.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/flooding-and-drought\/flooding\/case-study-groundwater-flooding-in-oxford\/oxford-floodplain-field-observatory\/\">Oxford field observatory<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Floodplain processes<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Floodplain sediments are typically low-oxygen environments and this is reflected in the groundwater chemistry, for example low nitrate and high iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Sampling techniques <\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Samples were collected from a number of boreholes across the study area every two months over a year, to see how chemistry varied spatially and with time as water levels changed. We also installed a new transect of nested piezometers to get a better understanding of changes in chemistry with depth and lithology.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We measured:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>inorganic chemistry<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>dissolved organic carbon<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>phosphorus species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>nitrogen species<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>fluorescence <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>emerging organic contaminants<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We also used groundwater tracer and dating techniques such as CFCs, sulfur hexafluoride and stable isotopes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Applying all of these techniques improved our understanding of the sources of these substances (natural and anthropogenic), the geochemical processes that were occurring and the residence time of the groundwater in this complex, dynamic system.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Results so far<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>The old domestic waste dump had a strong influence on the groundwater chemistry downgradient, including high specific electrical conductance, dissolved organic carbon, sodium, chloride and alkalinity<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Reducing conditions (low dissolved oxygen, low nitrate and high Fe and Mn) were prevalent across the floodplain, although fluctuations with time and water level were seen<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Residence time indicators suggested areas of preferential flow and an additional source of CFCs<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The River Thames appears to be stripping contaminants from the groundwater, even though it appears to be poorly hydraulically connected<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Improving our understanding<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Further sampling: we mostly sampled during high water level conditions<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Application of novel techniques: nanoparticles, nitrous oxide and noble gas sampling would us better understand provenance and processes<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Near-surface geophysics: this could help to characterise lithological variations and preferential flow pathways<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Particle size-analysis and polyaromatic hydrocarbons: to study rates of sedimentation<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">Publications<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Gooddy, D C, Macdonald, D M J, Lapworth, D J, Bennett, S A, and Griffiths, K J. 2014. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.06.123\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nitrogen sources, transport and processing in peri-urban floodplains<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Science of the Total Environment<\/em>, Vol. 494\u2013495, 28\u201338. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2014.06.123<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n<p><span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Griffiths, K,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person orcid-person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Lapworth, D,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Macdonald, D,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Stuart, M, and<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Gooddy, D<\/span><\/span>. 2011. <a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/13999\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Natural attenuation of anthropogenic groundwater pollution in a peri-urban floodplain setting<\/a> [lecture]. In <em>The Transport and Fate of Groundwater Contaminants, <\/em>London, UK, 9 February 2011. (Geological Society of London.)<\/p>\n<p>Lapworth, D J, Stolpe, B, Williams, P J, Gooddy, D C, and Lead, J R. 2013. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es3045778\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Characterisation of suboxic groundwater colloids using a multi-method approach<\/a>. <em>Environmental Science &amp; Technology<\/em>, Vol. 47(6). 2554\u20132561. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1021\/es3045778<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Stuart, M E, and<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person orcid-person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Lapworth, D J.<\/span><\/span> 2011.\u00a0<a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/14756\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A review of processes important in the floodplain setting<\/a>. <em>British Geological Survey Open Report<\/em> OR\/11\/030. (Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey.)<\/p>\n<p>Stuart, M E, Lapworth, D J, Thomas, J, and Edwards, L. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fingerprinting groundwater pollution in catchments with contrasting contaminant sources using microorganic compounds<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Science of the Total Environment<\/em>, Vol. 468\u2013469, D564\u2013577. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2013.08.042<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sea-background-e \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Need more information?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/macdonald-alan\/\"  class=\"button primary-background   \">Contact Alan MacDonald<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The role of floodplains in reducing the effects of groundwater contamination.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":6678,"parent":6564,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6661","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.9 - 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