{"id":4819,"date":"2025-08-22T15:00:24","date_gmt":"2025-08-22T14:00:24","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/?page_id=4819"},"modified":"2026-03-04T15:52:28","modified_gmt":"2026-03-04T15:52:28","slug":"point-source-pollution","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/","title":{"rendered":"Point-source pollution of groundwater"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Point-source pollution of groundwater<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Point-source%20pollution%20of%20groundwater&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Point-source%20pollution%20of%20groundwater&#038;body=Research%20into%20pollution%20discharged%20from%20a%20discrete%20location.%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p>Point-source water pollution is pollution that is discharged from a discrete location. Point-source pollutants in groundwater are usually found in a plume that has the highest concentrations of the pollutant nearest the source and diminishing concentrations further away from the source.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The various types of point source pollutants found in waters are as varied as the types of business, industrial, agricultural and urban sources that produce them.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/P734755.webp\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Summerston landfill site near Glasgow, Scotland, 1995. The landfill site was active from 1986 to 2002. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_68372\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/P734755.webp\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"A landfill site with a tractor and lots and lots of gulls\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/P734755.webp\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Summerston landfill site near Glasgow, Scotland, 1995. The landfill site was active from 1986 to 2002. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/P734755.webp\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Point sources can include:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>direct discharges from factories such as raw materials and wastes may include pollutants such as solvents, petroleum products (such as oil and gasoline), or heavy metals<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>point sources of pollution from agriculture may include animal feeding operations and animal waste treatment lagoons, or storage, handling, mixing, and cleaning areas for pesticides, fertilisers and petroleum<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>municipal point sources might include waste-water treatment plants, landfill sites, garages, motor pools and fleet-maintenance facilities<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>other sources include mine discharge water and mine spoil run-off<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"nonaqueous\">Non-aqueous phase organic compounds<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>In groundwater some of the most persistent point-source pollutants are volatile organic compounds, which include manufactured and refined toxic substances, and&nbsp;non-aqueous phase organic compounds. These are split into &#8216;light&#8217; and dense&#8217; non-aqueous phase organics liquids, also called LNAPL and DNAPL. (&#8216;Light&#8217; in this case means the compound has a lower density than water and &#8216;dense&#8217; means that the compound is denser than water.)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Once LNAPLs infiltrate to the subsurface, they are commonly retained close to the water table, within the zone of fluctuation. The effort to locate and remove LNAPLs is relatively cheaper and easier than that needed for DNAPLs. Examples of LNAPLs are petrol, diesel and other hydrocarbons.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>DNAPLs tend to sink below the water table when spilled in significant quantities. They are difficult to locate and remediate because they come to rest in the subsurface as disconnected blobs and ganglia of liquid, and in potentially mobile distributions referred to as pools.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/EPA_Divers_map_pools_of_creosote_on_the_bottom_of_Eagle_Harbor_6756929103.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"black blob of creosote on the bottom or the sea\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/EPA_Divers_map_pools_of_creosote_on_the_bottom_of_Eagle_Harbor_6756929103.jpg\" \/><figcaption class=\"caption \">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Creosote is denser than water and so forms into potentially mobile blobs or pools. This image is of creosote at the bottom of the Puget Sound. Public domain image from the US EPA.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p>Once DNAPLs are present in bedrock, they will slowly dissolve into groundwater, giving rise to aqueous phase plumes. The plumes will generally migrate in the hydraulically down-gradient direction, subject to advection, dispersion, sorption to fracture walls, possible biodegradation and matrix diffusion.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Examples of materials that are DNAPLs when spilled include: <\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>chlorinated solvents, such as trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane and carbon tetrachloride<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>coal tar<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>creosote <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Chlorinated solvents<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Although chlorinated solvents tend to be relatively resistant to degradation within most aquifer systems, there can be effective degradation in anaerobic systems. Under suitable conditions, biodegradation and volatilisation can contribute significantly to the removal of chlorinated solvents from the subsurface, making natural attenuation a potentially important remediation alternative.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>A study of chlorinated solvent distribution in the Permo\u2013Triassic sandstone of north-west England showed that significant changes in lithology and permeability on the submetre scale control the distribution of solvents in the unsaturated zone (Lawrence et al., 2006). These compounds may also be volatile and give rise to&nbsp;vapour plumes in the unsaturated zone.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">References<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Lawrence, A, Stuart, M, Cheney, C, Jones, N, and Moss, R. 2006. <a href=\"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10040-006-0068-6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Investigating the scale of structural controls on chlorinated hydrocarbon distributions in the fractured-porous unsaturated zone of a sandstone aquifer in the UK<\/a>.\u00a0<em>Hydrogeology Journal<\/em>, Vol. 14, 1470\u20131482. DOI: https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1007\/s10040-006-0068-6<\/p>\n<p><span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Wealthall, G P,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person\"><span class=\"person_name\">Rivett, M O,<\/span><\/span> and <span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Dearden, R A<\/span><\/span>. 2010. <a href=\"http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/12787\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A review of transport and attenuation of dissolved-phase volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the unsaturated zone<\/a>. <em>British Geological Survey Open Report<\/em> OR\/10\/061. (Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey.) Available: http:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/12787\/<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sea-background-e \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Need more information?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/lapworth-daniel\/\"  class=\"button primary-background   \">Contact Dan Lapworth<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Research into pollution discharged from a discrete location.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":5595,"parent":55,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4819","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Point-source pollution of groundwater - BGS Groundwater<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Nitrate contamination of groundwater from diffuse pollution from agriculture has long been recognised as an important public health issue.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Point-source pollution of groundwater - BGS Groundwater\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Nitrate contamination of groundwater from diffuse pollution from agriculture has long been recognised as an important public health issue.\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"BGS Groundwater\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2026-03-04T15:52:28+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P734755-thumb.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"640\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"430\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/\",\"name\":\"Point-source pollution of groundwater - BGS Groundwater\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P734755-thumb.webp\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-08-22T14:00:24+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2026-03-04T15:52:28+00:00\",\"description\":\"Nitrate contamination of groundwater from diffuse pollution from agriculture has long been recognised as an important public health issue.\",\"breadcrumb\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/#breadcrumb\"},\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/point-source-pollution\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P734755-thumb.webp\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/10\/P734755-thumb.webp\",\"width\":640,\"height\":430,\"caption\":\"Summerston Landfill, Glasgow, 1995. 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