{"id":4806,"date":"2025-08-22T11:31:03","date_gmt":"2025-08-22T10:31:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/?page_id=4806"},"modified":"2025-11-10T12:46:58","modified_gmt":"2025-11-10T12:46:58","slug":"nitrate-fluctuations-in-groundwater","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/diffuse-pollution\/nitrate-contamination-of-groundwater\/nitrate-fluctuations-in-groundwater\/","title":{"rendered":"Nitrate fluctuations in groundwater\u00a0"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t\t<section class=\"hero-section hero-section-with-social\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"row\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"hero-info\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1>Nitrate fluctuations in groundwater<\/h1>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t<div class=\"social-wrap social-wrap-inline-them\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"sea-background-f\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<span>Share this article<\/span><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/diffuse-pollution\/nitrate-contamination-of-groundwater\/nitrate-fluctuations-in-groundwater\/\"><span class=\"icon-facebook\"><span class=\"hidden\">Facebook<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/twitter.com\/intent\/tweet?text=Nitrate%20fluctuations%20in%20groundwater\u00a0&#038;url=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/diffuse-pollution\/nitrate-contamination-of-groundwater\/nitrate-fluctuations-in-groundwater\/\"><span class=\"icon-twitter\"><span class=\"hidden\">Twitter<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   onclick=\"javascript:void( (function() {var e=document.createElement('script' );e.setAttribute('type','text\/javascript' );e.setAttribute('charset','UTF-8' );e.setAttribute('src','\/\/assets.pinterest.com\/js\/pinmarklet.js?r='+Math.random()*99999999);document.body.appendChild(e)})());\"  href=\"javascript:void(0);\"><span class=\"icon-pinterest\"><span class=\"hidden\">Pinterest<\/span><\/span><\/a><a target=\"_blank\"  href=\"https:\/\/wa.me?text=https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/diffuse-pollution\/nitrate-contamination-of-groundwater\/nitrate-fluctuations-in-groundwater\/\"><span class=\"icon-whatsapp\"><span class=\"hidden\">WhatsApp<\/span><\/span><\/a><a   href=\"mailto:?subject=Nitrate%20fluctuations%20in%20groundwater\u00a0&#038;body=%20(https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/diffuse-pollution\/nitrate-contamination-of-groundwater\/nitrate-fluctuations-in-groundwater\/)\"><span class=\"icon-mail\"><span class=\"hidden\">Email<\/span><\/span><\/a><a href=\"#\" data-copy=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/quality\/diffuse-pollution\/nitrate-contamination-of-groundwater\/nitrate-fluctuations-in-groundwater\/\" class=\"copy-url-on-click\"><span class=\"icon-link\"><span class=\"hidden\">Copy Link<\/span><\/span><\/a><\/div><\/div>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-bgs-blocks-content-container content-section\"><div class=\"container\"><div class=\"row\"><div class=\"col-12\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many time-series data of nitrate concentrations in groundwater show within-year fluctuations. These fluctuations are different in different locations.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Where suitable continuous groundwater level records are available nearby, a more or less close relationship between groundwater levels and nitrate concentrations can often be observed. Higher nitrate concentrations are typically associated with higher groundwater levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This project aimed to identify what links these within-year concentration fluctuations to changes in water levels.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Within-year nitrate fluctuation mechanisms<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Four conceptual models were prepared to represent scenarios where groundwater recharge is taking place in chalk by only one mechanism.<\/p>\n\n\n<figure  class=\"img-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/porewater-conc.jpg\" data-toggle=\"lightbox\" data-footer=\"&lt;p&gt;Piston flow through the unsaturated zone matrix. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.&lt;\/p&gt;\n\" data-gallery=\"gallery_53707\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/porewater-conc.jpg\" class=\"lazy-blur\" alt=\"Diagram showing Piston flow through the unsaturated zone matrix. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.\" data-src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/porewater-conc.jpg\" \/><\/a><figcaption class=\"caption sm-line\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/info-caption.svg\" alt=\"Information icon\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"caption-text\"><p>Piston flow through the unsaturated zone matrix. BGS \u00a9 UKRI.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"expand-box expand-box-top\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/08\/porewater-conc.jpg\" ><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/groundwater\/wp-content\/themes\/bgs\/img\/expand.svg\" alt=\"Expand icon\"><\/a><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These mechanisms were:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>winter piston flow through the unsaturated zone matrix<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>winter bypass flow from the base of the soil, bringing high-nitrate water directly to the water table<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>water table rise, from water entering elsewhere in the catchment flushing out pore water<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>change in flow path, giving access to a greater percentage of shallow high nitrate water<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The research evaluated these mechanisms in a simple way to determine the relationship between nitrate concentration at the water table and water level. We concluded that all mechanisms except flushing by a rising water table would be likely to result in the more-or-less simultaneous rising of the water level and the arrival of nitrate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Field measurements to test the conceptual models<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We used a hanging sampler to test some of these mechanisms at a site on the Chalk aquifer in Hampshire. This comprised a series of small plastic bottles, each containing a plastic ball that sealed the bottle as it filled. The sampler was hung above the water table during a low water-level period, so that the bottles filled successively as the water level rose. The bottles were spaced a few centimetres apart.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The interim results highlighted a number of features. For example, at 20&nbsp;m below ground, different quality water is observed entering the borehole.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Further reading<\/h2>\n\n\n<div  class=\"accordions\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-wrap\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<button class=\"acc-top secondary-background icon-arrow button no-btn\"><span class=\"button-content\" tabindex=\"-1\">References<\/span><\/button>\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"acc-body sea-background-e\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Stuart, M E,<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Chilton, P J, and<\/span><\/span>\u00a0<span class=\"person nerc_int_name\"><span class=\"person_name\">Butcher, A S<\/span><\/span>. 2009. <a href=\"https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/7021\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nitrate fluctuations in groundwater: review of potential mechanisms and application to case studies<\/a>. <em>British Geological Survey Open Report<\/em> OR\/08\/046. (Nottingham, UK: British Geological Survey.) Available: https:\/\/nora.nerc.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/7021\/<\/p>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n\n\n<section class=\"cta-section  sea-background-e \">\n\t<div class=\"container\">\n\t\t<div class=\"row md-row\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"col-12\">\n\t\t\t\t<h2>Need more information?<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"btn-wrap\"><a href=\"https:\/\/www.bgs.ac.uk\/people\/lapworth-daniel\/\"  class=\"button primary-background   \">Contact Dan Lapworth<\/a><\/div>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":7,"featured_media":0,"parent":70,"menu_order":2,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"_relevanssi_hide_post":"","_relevanssi_hide_content":"","_relevanssi_pin_for_all":"","_relevanssi_pin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_unpin_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_keywords":"","_relevanssi_related_include_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_exclude_ids":"","_relevanssi_related_no_append":"","_relevanssi_related_not_related":"","_relevanssi_related_posts":"1","_relevanssi_noindex_reason":"","footnotes":""},"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4806","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v27.7 - 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