Glen Ogle location On Wednesday 18 August 2004, the A85 in Glen Ogle, north of Lochearnhead, Stirlingshire, was blocked by what was widely reported as two landslides (Figure 1). There had been considerable rainfall in the area prior to the event. Fifty seven people were trapped on the roadway and either left the scene on foot or were rescued by helicopter. No injuries were reported. The landslides that caused the disruption on the A85 originated in two-streams, one leading to a culvert under the road and a second 435 m further down the road.

This landslide was a shallow planar movement which developed into a debris flow. This landslide is National Landslide Database ID 10881/1.

Figure 1 The landslides on the A85, Glen Ogle Lochearnhead, Scotland.

Specialist staff from the BGS Landslides Response Team carried out a survey of the landslide. The BGS routinely responds to major landslide events in this way, sending specialist staff to the scene of landslide events to collate data from landslides whilst they are relatively fresh and often active, offering invaluable information.

Backscarp

The uppermost part of the slope failure was identified by the presence of a curved backscarp and depletion zone within superficial materials (Figure 2). Detachment of material appeared to have occurred close to the superficial–bedrock interface, at a depth from surface of between 0.6 and 1.8 m. The width of the displacement zone was approximately 8 m. The length of the surface of rupture appeared to have been constrained to 14 m by the presence of a topographic bench formed by bedrock.

Figure 2 Back scarp of the shallow planar slide at Glen Ogle.

Immediately downslope of this bench the ground surface appeared to be intact, with vegetation inclined downslope — considered to be an indicator that the displaced mass travelled over this area, leaving it relatively undisturbed. The failure occurred within a pre-existing depression in which vegetation was noticeably lighter in colour than surrounding areas. The depression was interpreted as a source areas and track of one or more previous failures. The material involved at this part of the failure was a head deposit.

The displaced mass from this failure appeared to have moved in a shallow, almost planar movement. Several smaller failures of similar style were also noted in this area, each exposing bedrock.

The exposed backscarp was relatively clear of debris, with only a few scattered blocks of broken head observed, this is thought to indicate that the slide mass disaggregated and became a flow soon after initial failure.

Debris fan at slope base

At the base of the slope, some 40 m upslope from the roadway, the natural channel abruptly changes direction. At the junction with the roadway, the channel stream is normally diverted through a stone culvert (Figure 3).

Figure 3 Stone culvert where the stream is normally diverted.

A significant amount of debris bypassed this, overwhelming the banks of the gulley (at this point estimated to be approximately 4 m in height) and flowed directly downslope. The majority of the debris fan was deposited to the east of the main channel outlet, following the direction of the gulley at the roadway (Figure 1).

Summary of field observations

The following interpretation of events has been inferred:

Rainfall in the weeks and months preceding the event had saturated the ground — the superficial deposits (peat, head and till)
Sudden localised rainfall occurred immediately before the landslide event and further saturated the superficial deposits
Several small shallow planar slides took place in debris at the top of the slope
Debris from these slides disaggregated and moved down slope as a debris flow
The debris flow turbulently joined the stream near the top of the slope and started to travel down the route of the stream
The debris flow entered the steepest section of the gulley and the turbulent flow eroded superficial deposits either side and in the base of the channel
As the debris flow entered the lower flatter slopes of the gulley, it cut a wide channel through relatively coarse-grained material. Eroded material would have been incorporated into the debris flow
The debris flow continued onto flatter slopes again and cut a narrow channel in relatively fine-grained, cohesive material. Erosion along this lower section is still likely to have been significant, as the debris flow would have been travelling at considerable velocity
As the debris flow approached the roadway it encountered a sharp bend in the gulley. A portion of the debris-flow overrode the bend, overwhelming the south-western bank of the gulley and flowed over the road
The remainder of the flow broadly followed the alignment of the gulley and formed a debris fan that extended in a south-easterly direction across the roadway

Summary of field observations